What is a polysaccharide and what does polysaccharide mean?

Monosaccharides are generally polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones containing 3-6 carbon atoms. The simplest monosaccharides are glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone. Monosaccharides are the basic units that make up various sugar molecules, and naturally occurring monosaccharides are generally D-type.

In the sugar formula, n of a monosaccharide is an integer from 3-7. Monosaccharides can exist in the form of a ring structure or in the form of open chainsPolysaccharide is a glycan chain bound by glycosidic bonds, and at least more than 10 monosaccharides are polymerized sugar polymer carbohydrates, which can be expressed by the general formula (C6H10O5)N. Polysaccharides that are made up of the same monosaccharides are called polysaccharides, such as starch, cellulose, and glycogen; Polysaccharides composed of monosaccharides are called heteropolysaccharides, such as gum arabic, which is composed of pentose and galactose.

Polysaccharides are not a pure chemical, but a mixture of substances with different degrees of polymerization. Polysaccharides are generally insoluble in water, have no sweetness, cannot form crystals, and have no reduction and rotometry. Polysaccharides are also glycosides, so they can be hydrolyzed, and in the hydrolysis process, a series of intermediate products are often produced, and finally monosaccharides are completely hydrolyzed.

Polysaccharides are polymeric sugar polymer carbohydrates composed of at least more than 10 monosaccharides in the glycosidic bond chain, which can be expressed by the general formula (C6H10O5)N. Polysaccharides that are made up of the same monosaccharides are called polysaccharides, such as starch, cellulose, and glycogen, among others.

Polysaccharides are sugar chains formed by the combination of glycosidic bonds, which should be composed of at least more than 10 monosaccharides.

For example, starch in plant cells, cellulose. Glycogen in animal cells.

You can also continue to decompose the sugar! Breaks down into simple sugars. Do you know what simple sugars are?

Polysaccharides may be too much sugar in the body.

Do you know what polysaccharides are?

Polysaccharides, which are sugar chains bound by glycosidic bonds, should have at least more than 10 of themMonosaccharidesPolymeric sugar polymersCarbohydrates

Polysaccharides are formed by the condensation and loss of water of multiple monosaccharide molecules, and are a class of carbohydrates with complex molecular structure. Where in line with polymer compounds.

The concept of carbohydrates and their derivatives are called polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are very widely distributed in nature and are also very important. Some are the constituent components that make up the cell walls of animals and plants, such as peptidoglycan and cellulose; Some are used as nutrients stored by plants and animals, such as glycogen.

and starch, some have special biological activities, like heparin in the human body.

It has anticoagulant effect, and the polysaccharides in the cell wall of pneumococcus have antigenic effect.

Chemical properties

Polysaccharides have no sweet taste and cannot form a true solution in water, only colloids, relative molecular mass.

It is very large, so there is no reduction, no variable rotation, but there is optical rotation.

Biological function.

Certain polysaccharides, such as cellulose and chitin.

It can form a plant or animal skeleton. Polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen can be used as substances for storing energy in living organisms. Inhomogeneous polysaccharides are bonded by covalent bonds.

It is composed of proteoglycans with proteins and plays biological functions, such as acting as a lubricant for the body, recognizing cells of foreign tissues, and the basic components of blood group substances.

Polysaccharide compounds are widely found in animal cell membranes and cell walls of plants and microorganisms, and are polymers connected by aldehyde and ketone groups through glycidic bonds, and are also one of the four basic substances that constitute life.

The above content refers to Encyclopedia-Polysaccharides.

There are many common polysaccharides, such as polysaccharides composed of the same monosaccharides, such as starch, cellulose and glycogen; Polysaccharides composed of different monosaccharides are called heteropolysaccharides, such as gum arabic, which is composed of pentose and galactose.

The broad classification of polysaccharides is divided into: homogeneous polysaccharides and heterogeneous polysaccharides.

Homogeneous polysaccharides.

Polysaccharides formed by the condensation of a monosaccharide molecule are called homogeneous polysaccharides. The most abundant homogeneous polysaccharides in nature are starch and glycogen and cellulose. They are all made up of glucose.

Starch and glycogen are the storage forms of glucose in plants and animals, respectively, and cellulose is the main structural component of plant cells.

1 starch.

2 glycogen.

3 Cellulose structure.

4 Chitin (chitosan).

5 inulin.

6 Agar.

Heterogeneous polysaccharides.

Polysaccharides formed by the condensation of different monosaccharide molecules are called heterogeneous polysaccharides. Common ones are: hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, etc.

Interbasal state of sugar starch molecules. There are some heterogeneous polysaccharides that consist of a series of repetitive disaccharides containing glycosamines, called glycosaminoglycans, also known as mucopolysaccharides. aminopolysaccharides, etc.

Glycosaminoglycans are the main components of proteoglycans, and there are five types of glycosaminoglycans according to the different units of repeated disaccharides:

1 Hyaluronic acid.

2 Chondroitin sulfate.

3 Sulfate**.

4 Layer acid for sulfuric acid.

5 Heparin 6 Heparan sulfate.

Classification of polysaccharides.

1) Polysaccharides are classified according to their **.

1. Plant polysaccharides.

Water-soluble polysaccharides, such as those extracted from Chinese herbal medicines: Angelica sinensis polysaccharides

Goji berry polysaccharides, water-insoluble polysaccharides, such as starch, cellulose, etc.

2. Animal polysaccharides.

It is isolated and purified from animal tissues, organs and body fluids.

of polysaccharides. Water-soluble mucopolysaccharides.

Heparin, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, porcine placenta lipopolysaccharides.

Wait. 3. Microbial polysaccharides.

Lentinan mushroom polysaccharides, Poria cocos polysaccharides, Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides, Poria polysaccharides, Coriolus versicolor polysaccharides.

It has a significant effect on tumors and regulating immunity.

4. Marine biological polysaccharides.

Polysaccharides isolated and purified from marine and lake organisms.

Chitin (chitosan, chitin), spirulina polysaccharides, etc.

2) Classification of polysaccharides according to their physiological functions in living organisms.

1. Store polysaccharides.

It is also known as energy storage polysaccharide.

Starch and glycogen are the main storage polysaccharides in plants and animals, respectively.

2. Structural polysaccharides.

Water-insoluble polysaccharides.

Chitin, cellulose.

3) Classification of polysaccharides according to their constituent components.

1 Homopolysaccharide (homogeneous polysaccharide).

It is formed by condensation of a monosaccharide.

Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin.

2 Heteropolysaccharides (heterogeneous polysaccharides).

Heteropolysaccharide) is formed by condensation of different types of monosaccharides, heparin, hyaluronic acid, rhubarb polysaccharides, angelica polysaccharides, etc

tea polysaccharides, etc.

3 Mucopolysaccharide, also known as glycosaminoglycan, is a class of nitrogen-containing heterogeneous polysaccharides, usually uronic acids.

and hexosamine or its derivatives, some also contain sulfur.

Sour. Hyaluronic acid, heparin, chondroitin sulfate, etc.

4 Binding sugars.

Also known as glycoconjugate or complex sugar, it refers to:

A complex of sugars that combine with non-sugary substances such as proteins and lipids.

Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrates.

It can be expressed by the general formula N, sugars composed of the same monosaccharides are called polysaccharides, such as starch, cellulose and glycogen, and polysaccharides composed of different monosaccharides are called heteropolysaccharides. For example, gum arabic is made up of pentose and galactose.

Polysaccharides are not a pure chemical, but a mixture of substances with different degrees of polymerization. Polysaccharides are generally insoluble in water, have no sweetness, cannot form crystals, and have no reducing and rotational changes. Polysaccharides are also glycosides and hence can be hydrolyzed.

In the hydrolysis process, a series of intermediate products are often produced, and finally monosaccharides are obtained by complete hydrolysis.

Difference Between Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are polymeric sugar polymer carbohydrates composed of at least 10 monosaccharides bound by sugar shake bonds. Monosaccharides are sugars with 3 to 6 carbon atoms in their molecular structure. Polysaccharides are formed by the condensation and loss of water of multiple monosaccharide molecules, which is a class of carbohydrates with complex molecular structure and huge sugars, and all carbohydrates and their derivatives that conform to the concept of polymer compounds are called polysaccharides.

Monosaccharides cannot be hydrolyzed, such as glucose, ribose, deoxyribose, etc. Polysaccharide nucleation can be hydrolyzed into two monosaccharides, such as sucrose, maltose, lactose, etc. The light group in the monosaccharide molecule can be reversibly condensed with the aldehyde group or ketone group to form a cyclic hemiacetal.

After cyclization, carbon-based C becomes a chiral C atom called terminal isomeric carbon atom, and the two diastereoisomers formed after cyclization are called end-group isomers, or head isomers, which are called A-type and B-type head isomers, respectively.