What exactly is the universe made of, and why does it work?

A Brief History of Time

The idea of inflation also explains why there is so much matter in the universe. In the universe that we can observe, there are roughly 100 billion, billions (1 followed by 80 zeros) particles. Where do they come from?

The answer is that in quantum theory, particles can be created from energy in the form of particle anti-particle pairs. But this only raises the question of where the energy comes from. The answer is that the total energy of the universe is exactly zero.

The matter of the universe is made up of positive energy; However, all matter is attracted to each other by gravity. Two pieces of matter that are close to each other have less energy than two pieces of matter that are very separate, because you have to expend energy to overcome the gravitational pull that pulls them together to separate them. In this way, the gravitational field has negative energy in a certain sense.

In the case of a universe that is roughly the same in space, one can show that this negative gravitational energy just cancels out the positive energy represented by matter, so the total energy of the universe is zero.

Twice as many as zero remain zero. In this way, the universe can double its positive material energy and negative gravitational energy at the same time, without breaking its conservation of energy. This did not happen during the normal expansion of the universe.

At this time, when the universe grows larger, the energy density of matter decreases. However, this did happen during the boom. Because when the universe expands, the energy density of the supercooled state remains the same:

When the volume of the universe doubles, both the positive matter energy and the negative gravitational energy are doubled, and the total energy remains zero. In the inflationary phase, the size of the universe increases by a very large multiple. In this way, the total energy that can be used to make particles becomes very large.

As Guth said, "It is said that there is no such thing as a free lunch, but the universe is the most thorough free lunch." ”

The universe is known to be made up of matter and dark matter and antimatter. Dark matter is made up of massive dense halo bodies, but these are just some of them. Antimatter is still in the theoretical stage.

The universe operates according to the law of conservation of energy, because it has mass and energy, and from its beginning it has been expanding and rotating, and it does not contract until the moment of neutralization.

Space is not a substance, nothing makes it up. The most basic matter is strings, which make up quarks, which make up protons and neutrons, and then make up the nucleus. But in essence, matter and energy can be transformed, so the basis of everything is a part of energy, and particles are just a manifestation of energy

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The broad definition of the universe is the general term for all things, the unity of time and space.

The universe evolved from an extremely dense and extremely hot primordial state before a finite time in the past, and has continued to expand to reach its present state.

Dark matter and dark energy indicate their existence by their gravitational attraction on ordinary matter and the accelerated expansion of the universe, respectively. If dark energy were not present, then the gravitational pull between matter would slow down the expansion of the universe, but astronomical observations show that our universe is doing an accelerated expansion. The universe is made up of all celestial bodies.

The universe is composed of 73 percent dark energy, 23 percent cold dark matter, and 4 percent ordinary matter.

1. Dark energy is an imperceptible form of energy that fills space and increases the expansion rate of the universe.

2. Cold dark matter is a new material added to the process of improved masking in the theory of the Great **, which cannot be observed by electromagnetic radiation in the universe, so it is dark; At the same time, the movement of this particle is slow and therefore cold.

3. Ordinary matter is the matter in the universe that we can perceive and make up stars, planets, and galaxies.

Some of the objects of the universe observed by humans are roughly made up of ordinary matter (the matter that makes up stars, planets, gases, and dust) or "baryons", dark matter, and dark energy. Baryonic matter makes up the "spider webs" of intergalaxies.

For the question of what the universe is made of. One answer that blurted out was: made up of those shiny stars.

But in recent decades, scientists have increasingly discovered that this answer is incorrect. Astronomers believe that the matter, or ordinary matter, that makes up stars, planets, galaxies – and, of course, ours – makes up less than 5 percent of the total mass of the universe. They estimate that another 25 may be composed of as-yet-undiscovered particles of dark matter.

Astronomers think it may be dark energy — the force that accelerates the expansion of the universe. What is the nature of dark matter and dark energy? Scientists are using accelerators and telescopes to find answers to these questions, and if they do, the implications will certainly be cosmic.

The universe is roughly made up of ordinary matter, dark matter, and dark energy. Elementary particles refer to the smallest and most basic units of matter that people know.

It is generally believed that the universe was created 14 billion years ago. After the big **, the molecules collide and produce light and heat. 3 billion years after the big ** universe, the first ripples of matter appeared.

After 2 billion 3 billion years, quasars gradually formed. 10 billion years later, the sun was born. Life on Earth began to evolve 3.8 billion years ago.

The large ** emitted matter drifts through space, and the huge galaxies made up of many stars are made of these materials, and our sun is one of these countless stars. Originally, it was imagined that the universe would stop expanding due to gravity, but scientists have discovered that there is a "dark energy" in the universe that produces a repulsive force that accelerates the expansion of the universe. On the other hand, there is also the huge attraction of "dark matter".

The expansion process after the big ** is a kind of gravitational force and repulsion force dispute, and the power generated by ** is a kind of repulsion force, which makes the celestial bodies in the universe constantly move away; There is a gravitational attraction between the celestial bodies, which prevents the celestial bodies from moving away and even tries to bring them closer to each other. The magnitude of gravity is related to the mass of the celestial body, so whether the universe will continue to expand or will eventually stop expanding and shrink and shrink in turn depends entirely on the density of matter in the universe.

What is the universe made of? Maybe you know the simple answer: made up of those shining stars. But in recent decades, scientists have gradually discovered that this answer is incorrect.

Astronomers believe that the current universe is mainly composed of three parts: visible matter, dark matter in the universe, and dark energy—the force that accelerates the expansion of the universe.

The mass of the universe of 5 is made up of the planets, the gases and dust of the universe, and the mass of 33 is made up of a slow-moving, cold, dark substance that scientists cannot see and can only infer from the gravitational pull of this matter. They estimate that another 62 of the cosmic mass is made up of a dark energy. Scientists also do not see these energies, and can only infer their existence from the gravitational pull of these energies.

There is also a 0 1 mass of the universe made up of neutrinos, which are moving fast, neutral tiny particles, which scientists call hot dark matter. Astronomers think it could be dark energy. Dark energy is a special cosmic substance that can produce a negative gravitational force that accelerates the expansion of the universe.

How this particular substance came into being is not yet convincing.

Some scientists believe that this dark matter is definitely not a normal substance, because normal matter will concentrate in galaxies under the action of gravity, and it is observed that this substance has not changed in this way. Moreover, because all matter in the universe is protons and neutrons condensed into a few minutes after the big **, the big ** "soup" is condensed, they are tightly packed together, and some of these protons and neutrons are fused into heavy nuclei, such as helium. If the protons and neutrons in the nucleus are squeezed tighter, they will coalesce into more heavy nuclei.

Examples include helium, boron, and neon in stars and interstellar gases. However, when they coalesce into heavy nuclei, they become normal substances.

However, regardless of the nature of invisible dark matter, they cannot perform nuclear fusion. One possibility of this dark matter, which does not allow nuclear fusion, is "cold dark matter", which is a massive subatomic particle with a mass many times that of a proton.

Matter vs. dark matter. The proportion of dark matter is higher than that of matter.

Among them, the two elements of hydrogen and oxygen are the most. Some scientists have calculated that if the stellar synthesis route is followed, not so much helium will be produced. There should be other ways to produce it more efficiently.

And the expansion hypothesis of the universe (the important point is that the temperature goes from high to low), at the beginning of the universe, the temperature decreases further, and protons, neutrons, and electrons begin to form, and then in this very short, very short, very short time. Some of these protons are further combined to form a helium nucleus, which is the vast majority of helium**. This is also the great theory of the universe that can explain this phenomenon very well.