Tangled chemistry. Allotropes

1. Elemental matter can discuss allotropic forms. That's the definition.

2. Isotopes are not.

3, those three pairs are enough.

4. Under the premise that the temperature and volume remain unchanged, the definition of these two proportional PV NRT allotropes is that they are composed of the same elements and have different forms.

The relationship between isotopes is the relationship between different atoms (nuclides) of the same element, ls, how can I be embarrassed by this person who has thrown chemistry for 4 years...

1 pair, must be.

2 No, because allotropes are different elements of the same element, 1H2 and 2H2 are both hydrogen, so they don't count, like O2 and O3.

3 Almost, that's all.

4 According to the Claberon equation, when temperature and volume are constant, the ratio of pressure is equal to the ratio of the number of molecules.

If the landlord thinks it's good, add a point.

H is divided into three kinds, it is deuterium, deuterium, tritium, they belong to isotopes, simply put, if the elements are different neutrons, they are called isotopes, if they are elemental, they are called allotropes, allotropes are elemental substances composed of the same elements, like the example you gave, white phosphorus and red phosphorus are both composed of phosphorus elements.

Allotropes refer to different elemental elements composed of different structures of the same element. Its definition dictates that it must be elemental. The macroscopic cause of pressure is the gravitational force of the atmosphere, so the more molecules per unit volume, the greater the pressure.

Microscopically, it is caused by the collision of objects caused by the irregular motion of molecules, and its disorder makes it the same probability.

Allotropes are defined by the same singularityChemical elementsComposition, due to the different arrangement, has different properties of elemental matter. The differences in properties between allotropes are mainly manifested in physical properties, and there are also differences in activity in chemical properties. For example, the two allotropes of phosphorus, red phosphorus andWhite phosphorus, their ignition points are 240 and 40, respectivelyCelsius

Allotropes have similar chemical properties. With the well-known diamond.

With graphite, for example, each carbon atom of diamond is covalently bonded with four adjacent carbon atoms.

connections, forming a tetrahedron.

structure, is a type of atomic crystal.

Relationship with isotopes:

Allotropes are different elementals of the same element, which are elemental, in other words it is matter. For example, graphite and diamond, they are substances, and they are the same element, but the structure is different, so they are allotropes.

Whereas isotopes are neutron numbers that are different but proton numbers.

Different atoms of the same element, it's just atoms, for example, h without neutrons and h with one neutron or c1 and c1, they're just atoms, they're not separate substances so they're isotopes.

For example, the two allotropes of phosphorus, red phosphorus and white phosphorus, have ignition points of 240 and 40 degrees Celsius, respectively, but the products after full combustion are phosphorus pentoxide;White phosphorus is highly toxic and soluble in carbon disulfide, while red phosphorus is non-toxic but insoluble in carbon disulfide. Allotropes can convert into each other under certain conditions, and this transformation is a chemical change.

The most common allotropes of carbon in life: diamond, graphite, fullerene, carbon nanotubes, graphene and graphyne;Allotropes of phosphorus: white phosphorus and red phosphorus;Allotropes of oxygen: oxygen, ozone, tetraoxygen, and red oxygen.

Physical and chemical properties.

The difference in properties between allotropes is manifested in physical properties, and the reason for the difference in properties is the difference in structure. The transformation between allotropes is a chemical change but not a redox reaction. For example, oxygen is a colorless, odorless gas, while ozone is a light blue gas with a fishy smellThe boiling point of oxygen is -183, and the boiling point of ozone is.

Allotropes have similar chemical properties. Taking the well-known diamond and graphite as examples, each carbon atom of diamond is covalently bonded with four adjacent carbon atoms to form a tetrahedral structure, which is an atomic crystal.

In graphite, the carbon atoms are arranged in layers, and the carbon atoms of each layer are connected by covalent bonds to form a planar hexagon, so they are relatively stable, but the layers are only connected by weak intermolecular forces, and they are prone to relative sliding, so the chemical properties of graphite are more active than diamond, and the difference in physical properties is more obvious, diamond is a colorless and transparent crystal, and the melting point and hardness are much greater than graphite. Graphite, on the other hand, is a dark gray, soft, opaque, and easily conductive flake solid.

Allotropes are elemental elements composed of the same elements and in different forms. For example, carbon elements include allotropic forms such as diamond, graphite, and amorphous carbon. Allotropes have different physical properties due to their different structuresHowever, since it is a elemental substance formed by the same element, the chemical properties are similar.

A variety of elements formed by the same element are allotropic forms, like white phosphorus and red phosphorus belong to P, and diamond graphite belongs to C, which is allotropic form.

A variety of elemental substances formed by the same element are allotropic forms of each other.

1. The object of the isotope is the atom, which occupies the same position on the periodic table, and the chemical properties are basically the same, but the atomic mass or mass number is different, so its mass spectrometry behavior, radioactive transition, and physical properties (such as diffusion ability in the gaseous state) are different.

2. The object of allotropes is elemental, the constituent elements of allotropes are the same, the structure is different, the physical properties are quite different, and the chemical properties are similar, but there are also differences. For example, diamond and graphite have different conductivity and hardness, although they can react with oxygen to form CO2, due to the different thermal effects of the reaction, the stability of the two is different (graphite is lower than diamond, graphite is more stable than diamond).

Allotropes are formed in three ways: (1) The number of atoms that make up the molecule is different, for example: O2 and O3.

2) The arrangement of the atoms in the crystal lattice is different, for example: diamond and graphite. (3) The way the molecules are arranged in the lattice is different, for example:

Orthogonal sulfur and monoclinic sulfur (not required for high schools).

Note: Allotropes refer to elemental substances with different structures formed by the same elements, such as H2 and D2 with the same structure, which do not belong to allotropic forms.

3. The object of the homolog is an organic compound, and the organic matter belonging to the homolog must have a similar structure, in the classification of organic matter, it belongs to the same class of substances, the general formula is the same, the chemical properties are similar, the difference is the molecular formula is different, the relative molecular mass is different, the difference in composition is one or several CH2 atomic clusters, and the relative molecular weight difference is an integer multiple of 14, such as the number of carbon atoms in the molecule is different between alkanes.

1) Structural similarity means that the constituent elements are the same, and the type, number and connection of functional groups are the same. Structural similarity is not necessarily identical, such as CH3CH2CH3 and (CH3)4C, the former has no branched chains, and the latter has branched chains, but they are still homologues.

2) The general formula is the same, but the same general formula is not necessarily a homologue. For example, jujube hunger: ethanol and ether are both CNH2N+2O, but their functional group categories are different and they are not homologues.

Another example: ethylene and cyclobutane, their general formula is CNH2N, but not homologues.

3) There must be one or more clusters of CH2 atoms in molecular composition. However, substances with one or more CH2 clusters of different molecular compositions are not necessarily homologues, such as CH3CH2BR and CH3CH2CH2Cl are both halogenated hydrocarbons and have a different CH2 atomic cluster, but they are not homologues.

4) The congeners have similar chemical properties, and the physical properties have a certain gradual change law, such as the melting and boiling points of the congeners gradually increase with the increase of the number of carbon atoms; If the number of carbon atoms is the same, the melting and boiling points of the branched chain are low, and the more symmetrical the branched chain, the lower the melting and boiling points. Such as boiling point: n-pentane, isopentane, neopentane.

The density of congeners generally increases with the increase in the number of carbon atoms. <>

Allotropes refer to elements that are made up of the same single chemical element and have different properties due to different arrangements. The differences in properties between allotropes are mainly manifested in physical and chemical properties. For example, among phosphorus, the ignition points of the two allotropes, red phosphorus and white phosphorus, are 240 degrees Celsius and 40 degrees Celsius, respectively, but the products after complete combustion are phosphorus pentoxide.

White phosphorus is highly toxic and soluble in carbon disulfide; Red phosphorus, on the other hand, is non-toxic, but insoluble in carbon disulfide. Allotropes, simply put, refer to various elements formed from the same element.