Summarize the joint impact of the changes in the situation of peasants in Russia and Japan

Russia is located in eastern Europe and northern Asia, across the Eurasian continent, with a maximum length of 9,000 kilometers from east to west and a maximum width of 4,000 kilometers from north to south, covering an area of more than 10,000 square kilometers, making it the largest country in the world in terms of territorial area. The terrain is low in the west and high in the east, and part of the Great Plain of Eastern Europe (also known as the Russian Plain) and the West Siberian Plain are located in its western and central parts, and the area of the plain accounts for about 1 2 of the total area of Russia. Agricultural land is flat, fertile and large-scale.

The vast territory spans three climatic zones: boreal, subarctic and temperate. The vast expanse of land and the diversity of the climate provide an important natural material basis for the development of agriculture in Russia. According to statistics, the current agricultural land area in Russia is 100 million hectares, of which the cultivated land area is about 100 million hectares, accounting for about 8 percent of the world's cultivated land area.

The main grain crops are wheat, barley, corn, rice, etc., and the cash crops are mainly flax, sunflower and sugar beet. The output of grains, wheat, sunflower seeds, and potatoes all rank among the top five in the world. In the aquaculture industry, the output of eggs, milk and wool also ranks among the top in the world.

On the whole, at the present stage, Russia's grain production can basically meet domestic demand, and some of it can be exported. However, the production of livestock products, vegetables and fruits cannot meet domestic demand, and it still needs to rely on imports.

With regard to personal rights, the General Decree stipulates that peasants who have been separated from the dependent status of serfs shall enjoy the same rights as other free rural dwellers, such as freedom of trade, the establishment and operation of factories and workshops of industry, commerce and handicrafts in accordance with the law, membership of guilds and guilds, the right to sue, testify in court, participation in elections, education and military service, etc. Peasants did not have to obtain the landlord's consent to marry and to conduct their own family affairs.

According to these provisions, the peasants were given the rights of "people". They are no longer to be bought, sold, pledged, or given away like livestock.

With regard to property rights, the General Decree states: "Every peasant may, in accordance with the relevant laws of the free rural dweller, acquire immovable and movable property as private property, which may be sold, mortgaged and disposed of in general." "There are two kinds of immovable property:

One is the homestead land, which farmers can redeem; The other is arable land and other lands (pastures, forests, etc.), which are distributed to farmers as a share of the land, provided that the landlord retains ownership of the land. The amount of land varies from 3 7 to 1 mu in the non-black soil zone; In the black soil zone, the highest is Russian acres, and the lowest is 2,200 square sand rope to 2 Russian acres; The grassland zone is determined according to the nature of the crops in each province. The peasants may redeem their share of the land as private property, but they must pay a ransom to the landlord in much more than the land**.

At the same time, the decree also stipulates that if the existing share of land exceeds the maximum amount, the landlord has the right to cut off the excess. According to statistics, in the non-black soil belt, the land cession accounted for the land used by farmers before the reform, while the 21 provinces in the black soil belt were.

Not only that, but before the peasants redeemed their share of land, they had to bear certain obligations and pay monetary service rent and labor service rent. Such peasants are called temporary volunteer farmers. It was only when the peasants obtained the consent of the landlord to redeem their share of the land for private property that they terminated their temporary obligations and became independent farmers.

From the above, it can be seen that although the peasants were personally emancipated, they were still economically dependent on the noble landlords.

In addition, the oppression of the peasants by the noble landlords was more legitimized by the establishment of a series of institutions for the administration of the peasants in the countryside in accordance with the provisions of the decree, such as the village community, the village council, the township court, the elected village chief, the tax collector, etc., especially the mediator who favored the landlords. In addition to suppressing the peasants' revolt by means of the Tsar's force, the aristocratic landlords could also persuade the peasants by mediating officials and those who managed the peasant institutions, so that the peasants could keep to themselves and fulfill their obligations to the landlords.