What is the structure of DNA and what is DNA made of?

DNA is a long-chain polymer with a unit called a deoxynucleotide, while sugars are linked to phosphate molecules by ester bonds to form their long-chain backbone. Each sugar molecule is connected to one of the four bases, which are arranged along the long DNA chain to form the genetic code, which is the basis for the synthesis of protein amino acid sequences. The process of reading a code, called transcription, is the process of making a copy of a nucleic acid molecule called RNA based on the DNA sequence.

Most RNAs carry the information to synthesize proteins, while others have special functions of their own, such as rRNA, snRNA, and siRNA.

<> the two long chains between the ** are the bases, the bases are connected together by the chemical molecular polar bonds (there is a force between the polar bonds), due to the different lengths between the polar bonds, the force is different, resulting in the distance between the two long chains is long and short, so the long chain is distorted, through the gravitational and repulsive forces between the chemical bonds, which eventually leads to the helical structure of the DNA molecule as a whole, which is the mechanism of the formation of the helical structure of the DNA molecule.

Double helix structure.

The proposal of the DNA double helix structure has opened the era of molecular biology, which has made the study of heredity go deep into the molecular level, the "mystery of life" has been opened, and people have a clear understanding of the composition and transmission of genetic information. In 1953, Watson and Crick discovered the structure of the DNA double helix, which opened the era of molecular biology, making the study of heredity go deep into the molecular level, the "mystery of life" was opened, and people clearly understood the composition of genetic information and the way of transmission. In the next 50 years, new disciplines such as molecular genetics, molecular immunology, and cell biology have sprung up, and the mysteries of life have been clarified more clearly from a molecular perspective, and DNA recombinant technology has opened up broad prospects for the research and application of bioengineering methods.

DNA molecule is a kind of polymer compound, its basic unit is deoxynucleotide, there are four kinds in total, respectively called adenine deoxynucleotide (A), guanine deoxynucleotide (G), cytosine deoxynucleotide (C), thymine deoxynucleotide (T); Each deoxynucleotide is made up of three parts: a nitrogenous base, a deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphoric acid. The DNA molecule is made up of two long strands of deoxynucleotides.

It is deoxynucleotides that make up DNA.

Many deoxynucleotides are linked together by certain chemical bonds to form deoxynucleotide chains, and each DNA molecule is made up of two deoxynucleotide chains. The characteristics of the structure of the DNA molecule are: the basic skeleton of the DNA molecule is the two backbone strands of phosphoric acid and deoxyribose alternating arrangement; The two backbones are parallel but reversed, coiled into a regular double helix structure, generally a right-handed helix, arranged on the outer side of the DNA molecule; The two strands are joined together by base pairing, and the bases are paired together by hydrogen bonds.

The structural characteristics of DNA are as follows:

1) The DNA molecule is composed of two strands and coiled in an antiparallel manner into a double helix structure.

2) The blind fluid in the DNA molecule is alternately connected with deoxyribose and phosphoric acid, arranged on the outside, forming the basic skeleton; The bases are arranged on the inner side.

3) The bases on the two chains are connected into base pairs by hydrogen bonding, i.e., A and T are paired, and G and C are paired. (Base Complementary Pairing Principle).

Deoxyribonucleic acid (abbreviated as DNA) is one of the four biological macromolecules contained in biological cells. DNA carries the genetic information necessary for the synthesis of RNA and proteins, and is an essential biological macromolecule for the development and proper functioning of organisms.

DNA is a macromolecular polymer composed of deoxynucleotides. Deoxynucleotides are made up of bases, deoxyribose, and phosphoric acid. There are 4 types of bases: adenine (A), guanine embedded code (G), thymine (T) and cytosine (C).

In the DNA molecular structure, two multi-deoxymill nucleotide chains are coiled around a common central axis, forming a double helix structure. The deoxyribose-phosphate chain is on the outside of the helix structure with the bases facing the inside. The two polydeoxynucleotide chains are complementary in reverse and are connected by base pairs formed by hydrogen bonds between the bases, forming a fairly stable combination.

There are four primary structures of DNANucleotides

The primary structure of DNA refers to the four nucleotides (damp, dcmp, dgmp, and dtmp) in a certain order through phosphodiester bonds.

The polynucleotides formed by ligation, due to the difference between the nucleotides are just bases.

Therefore, it can also be called base order.

The ligation mode between nucleotides is as follows: the 5-position phosphate of one nucleotide forms a 3,5 phosphodiester bond with the 3-OH of the next nucleotide, constituting an unbranched linear macromolecule, in which the phosphate group and pentose sugar.

The radicals make up the backbone of the DNA strand, and the variable part is the order in which the bases are arranged.

Nucleic acids are directional molecules, that is, the 5 ends of the 5 positions of the pentose group of the nucleotide are no longer connected to other nucleotides, and the 3 positions of the pentose group of the nucleotide are no longer connected to the 3 ends of other nucleotides, and the two ends are not the same, and the biological characteristics are also different.

Genomic DNA:

The genetic information of the vast majority of organisms in nature.

It is stored in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. DNA is a huge biological polymer, and the DNA contained in the jujube chromosome, which is the carrier of genetic information in the cell, is generally called the genome.

The genomic DNA content of the same species is always constant, and the size and complexity of the genome vary greatly between species.

DNA is a double helix structure formed by hydrogen bonds between deoxynucleotide bases (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine) through complementary pairing of bases. Inside the deoxynucleotide, the phosphate group and the deoxyribose are linked by a 3,5 phosphodilipid bond. DNA is a reverse (right) double helix structure.

The basic unit of DNA molecule is deoxynucleotides, and many deoxynucleotides are connected by certain chemical bonds to form deoxynucleotide chains, and each DNA molecule is composed of two deoxynucleotide chains. The characteristics of the structure of the DNA molecule are: the basic skeleton of the DNA molecule is the two backbone strands of phosphoric acid and deoxyribose alternating arrangement; The two backbones are parallel but reversed, coiled into a regular double helix structure, generally a right-handed helix, arranged on the outer side of the DNA molecule; The two strands are joined together by base pairing, and the bases are paired together by hydrogen bonds.

DNA is genetic material, which is relatively stable; Able to replicate themselves precisely, so that genetic continuity can be maintained between parents and offspring; It can guide protein synthesis, control metabolic processes and trait development; Produce heritable variants under specific conditions.

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