What are the commonly used industrial enzymes? What are the common enzymes and what do they do?

Enzymes used in industry are basically divided into two categories:

1. Grip and check hydrolase enzymes, including amylase eggplant, cellulase, protease, lipase, pectinase, lactase, etc., accounting for more than 75% of market sales. At present, more than 60% of enzyme preparations have been produced with genetically modified strains;

2. Non-hydrolytic enzymes, accounting for about 10% of market sales, and have a tendency to increase year by year, mainly enzymes for analytical reagents and enzymes for the pharmaceutical industry;

3. In the food industry, the proportion of enzymes used for starch processing is still the largest, at 15%; This is followed by the dairy industry, which accounts for 14%. Although the traditional application of enzymes in the food, textile, and tanning industries has been quite extensive and technically mature, it is still developing.

According to the nature of enzymatic reactions, enzymes can be divided into 6 categories, and their order is as follows:

1) Oxidoreductases: enzymes that catalyze the redox reaction of substrates.

2) Transferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer or exchange of certain groups between substrates.

3) Hydrolase enzymes: enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of substrates.

4) Lyases (or lyases): Enzymes that catalyze a reaction that removes a group from a substrate and leaves a double bond or its reverse reaction.

5) Isomerases: enzymes that catalyze the interconversion between various isomers.

6) Synthases: enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of two molecular substrates into a molecular compound, and at the same time conjugate the phosphate bond cleavage and release energy with ATP.

Classification of enzymesEnzymes in the cells of the body are divided into six categories according to the nature of the enzymatic reactions they participate in.

1) Oxidoreductases.

Oxidoreductases catalyze redox reactions. Common oxidoreductases include phenolases, lipoxygenases, and peroxidases. Among them, phenolases can oxidize phenolic and alcohol compounds to generate quinones or ketones, and lipoxygenase can make unsaturated fats produce the odor of allergizers; Peroxidases catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and other organic peroxides.

2) Conversion enzymes.

Conversion enzymes mainly catalyze the transfer reaction of functional groups. For example, aminotransferases, which play an important role in the process of protein metabolism, are aminoconvertases.

3) Hydrolase enzymes.

Hydrolase enzymes mainly catalyze hydrolysis reactions. Important hydrolase enzymes are amylase, lipase, protease, and nuclease. Among them, amylase can hydrolyze starch into dextrin, maltose and glucose; Lipase can hydrolyze fats to produce diglycerides, monoglycerides, glycerol, and fatty acids; Proteases can hydrolyze proteins, mainly producing peptides and amino acids; Nucleases allow nucleotides to be digested and hydrolyzed into nucleotides, nucleosides, and bases.

4) Lyases.

Lyases, also known as deaddases, catalyze reactions that remove a group from a substrate and leave a double bond or its reverse reaction. Important lyases include aldolase, hydration enzyme and decarboxylase. Among them, aldolase can convert ketose diphosphate into ketose phosphate and aldose phosphate; Hydration enzyme can make fujulin acid add water and convert it into malic acid; Decarboxylase can decarboxylate pyruvate to form acetaldehyde.

5) Isomerases.

Isomerases mainly catalyze the mutual transformation of various isomers. For example, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase can cause glucose-6-phosphate to interchange fructose-6-phosphate.

6) Synthases.

Synthases, also known as ligases, mainly catalyze the reaction of everything that must be coupled to the decomposition of adenosine triphosphate and synthesized from two substances. For example, glutamine synthetase, with the participation of adenosine triphosphate, can convert free ammonia and glutamate to glutamine.

Synthesis and breakdown of enzymes.

The chemical nature of enzymes is proteins, so the process of their synthesis is similar to that of proteins. Intracellularly, enzyme synthesis is also closely related to nutrients and metabolites. The intake of certain nutrients can promote the synthesis of corresponding enzymes, and the products produced after their metabolism inhibit the synthesis of enzymes.

In addition, hormones also have a great influence on the synthesis of enzymes through their effects on metabolic processes. In this way, we can roughly talk about how many enzymes there are in taxonomy, and it is not quantitatively measurable.

Characteristics of enzymes.

1. High efficiency: the catalytic efficiency of enzymes is higher than that of inorganic catalysts, which makes the reaction rate faster; 2. Specificity: an enzyme can only catalyze one or a class of substrates, such as proteases can only catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins into peptides; 3. Diversity:

There are many types of enzymes, about 4,000 kinds; 4. Mildness: It means that the chemical reaction catalyzed by enzymes is generally carried out under milder conditions. 5. Activity adjustability:

These include inhibitor and activator regulation, feedback inhibition regulation, covalent modification regulation, and allosteric regulation.

In general, the optimal temperature of enzymes in animals is between 35 and 40 degrees Celsius, and the optimal temperature of enzymes in plants is between 40-50 degrees Celsius; The optimal temperature of enzymes in bacteria and fungi varies greatly, and the optimal temperature of enzymes can be as high as 70 degrees Celsius. The optimal pH of enzymes in animals is mostly in between, but there are exceptions, such as pepsin, and the optimal pH of enzymes in plants is mostly between.

These properties of enzymes enable the intricate material metabolism process in the cell to be carried out in an orderly manner, so that the metabolism of substances and normal physiological functions adapt to each other If an enzyme is defective due to genetic defects, or the activity of the enzyme is weakened due to other reasons, it can lead to abnormal reactions catalyzed by the enzyme, so that the metabolism of substances is disordered, and even diseases occur Therefore, the relationship between enzymes and medicine is very close.

Characteristics of enzymes: Enzymes have a highly efficient catalytic ability.

Speed up or slow down the reaction rate with high efficiency.

Efficiency, specificity, variability.