Briefly describe the main types of computers and what are their main application areas? 10

cad（computer

aideddesign) computer-aided design refers to the use of computers and their graphics equipment to help designers carry out design work.

In the design, it is usually necessary to use computers to calculate, analyze and compare different schemes to determine the optimal scheme; All kinds of design information, whether digital, textual or graphic, can be stored in the computer's memory or external memory, and can be retrieved quickly; Designers usually start with sketches, and the heavy work of turning sketches into working drawings can be handed over to the computer; The design results automatically generated by the computer can quickly make graphics, so that the designer can make judgments and modifications to the design in time; The computer can be used to process the graphics data related to the graphics, zooming in, zooming out, translation, copying and rotating.

camcomputer

The core of aidedmanufacturing (computer-aided manufacturing) is computer numerical control (referred to as numerical control), which is the process or system of applying computers to the manufacturing production process. In 1952, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States first developed a CNC milling machine. The characteristic of the numerical control is that the machine is controlled by program instructions encoded on a perforated paper tape.

Since then, a series of CNC machine tools have been developed, including multi-functional machine tools called "machining centers", which can automatically change tools and automatically change working positions from the tool magazine, and can continuously complete multiple processes such as milling, drilling, reaming, tapping, etc., which are controlled by program instructions, as long as the program instructions are changed, the machining process can be changed, and this processing flexibility of CNC is called "flexible".

Introduce the six application fields of computers: scientific computing, data processing, artificial intelligence, computer-aided design and manufacturing, process control, and multi-technology.

Fields such as computing and playing games are probably scientific research, prevention and control, and the like.

It is divided into male and female.

The main thing is to create chaos.

1) Giant machine The computing speed of the giant machine is more than 100 million seconds, and the storage capacity is large, and the main memory capacity even exceeds several gigabytes. Its structure is complex and expensive, and the development of this kind of giant machine is the need of modern science and technology, especially the development of cutting-edge technology for national defense. Nuclear, anti-missile, space technology, large-scale weather forecasting, oil exploration, etc., all require computers with high speed and large capacity, and ordinary computers are far from meeting the requirements.

2) Mainframe The computing speed of mainframe is generally between 1 million and tens of millions of seconds, the word length is 32 64 bits, and the main memory capacity is more than a few hundred megabytes. It has a relatively complete command system, a wealth of external equipment and a fully functional software system. It is characterized by universal and strong comprehensive processing capacity, and is mainly used in large banks, first-class departments, large manufacturers, etc.

3) Small machine The small machine is small in scale and simple in structure, so the design and trial production cycle is short, which is convenient for the timely adoption of advanced technology, large production capacity and low hardware cost. At the same time, because the software is simpler than the mainframe, the software cost is also lower. The minicomputer opens up the situation of applying computers in the field of control, and the minicomputer is used in data collection, sorting, analysis, calculation, etc.

4) Microcomputer Microcomputer adopts microprocessor, semiconductor memory and input and output interface and other chip assembly, so that the microcomputer has the characteristics of advanced design, rich software, complete functions, low cost, high reliability and easy to use. Microcomputers have been greatly popularized in the home, promoting people's learning, communication and social development.

5) Engineering Workstation Engineering workstation is a computer system for engineering and technical personnel that emerged in the 80s of the 20th century, and its performance is between small computers and microcomputers. It typically has a high-resolution display, an interactive user interface, and full-featured graphics software.

6) Network computer Applied to the computer on the network, this kind of machine simplifies the external memory of the ordinary PC and other parts that support the independent work of the computer, and the design goal is to rely on the various capabilities provided by the network server to reduce the manufacturing cost as much as possible. This computer is called "NC" for short. According to the scope of application, it can also be divided into general-purpose computers and special-purpose computers.

A dedicated computer is a computer that is customized to meet a specific purpose for a specific purpose. Such as ATMs in banks, etc.

These are distinguished according to the capabilities of the computer :)

Numerical calculations. The earliest application field of computer is scientific computing, scientific computing is the earliest application field of computer, refers to the use of computer to complete numerical calculation problems raised in scientific research and engineering technology, in modern science and technology work, the task of scientific computing is a large number and complex.

Using the computer's high computing speed, large storage capacity and continuous computing ability, it can solve various scientific computing problems that cannot be completed manually, such as engineering design, weather forecasting, rocket launch, etc., all of which require the computer to undertake a huge and complex amount of calculation.

Precautions for computer use are as follows:

1. Place the computer at a slight distance away from the general reading distance, at the top of the computer screen, slightly below the eye level, and you will feel more comfortable when using the computer.

2. Place the input text next to the phosphor screen, as close as possible, to reduce neck and eye movements, as well as attention changes.

3. The light should be soft, and the reflection and glare of indoor lights should be minimized. Sometimes, when the indoor light is too bright, consider placing a microfilter in front of the phosphor screen.

4. When there is dust on the fluorescent screen, it must be wiped to increase visibility.

The earliest application areas of computers were: aScientific computing.

Scientific computing is the earliest application field of computers, which refers to the use of computers to complete numerical computing problems proposed in scientific research and engineering technology. In modern scientific and technological work, the tasks of scientific computing are numerous and complex.

By using the computer's high computing speed, large storage capacity and continuous computing ability, it can solve various scientific computing problems that cannot be completed manually. For example, engineering design, weather forecasting, rocket launches, etc., all require a large and complex amount of calculations undertaken by computers.

Key features:

Fast arithmetic speed: The computer is composed of internal circuits, which can complete various arithmetic operations at high speed and accurately. Today's computer systems have a computing speed of trillions per second, and microcomputers can reach more than 100 million times per second, enabling a large number of complex scientific computing problems to be solved.

For example, the calculation of satellite orbits, the calculation of large dams, and the calculation of 24-hour weather can take years or even decades, while in modern society, it only takes a few minutes to complete with a computer.

High accuracy of calculations: The development of science and technology, especially cutting-edge science and technology, requires highly accurate calculations. The accuracy of a computer-controlled missile against a predetermined target is inseparable from the computer's precise calculations.

d. Numerical calculation.

The earliest application of computers was numerical computing. Computers were invented for the needs of scientific computers, and the first generation of electronic computers were also designed for calculating ballistics and firing tables, so the earliest application field of electronic computers was numerical calculations. The evolution of computing tools has gone through different stages from simple to complex, from low-level to high-level, such as from knots in "knotted rope notes" to abacus, abacus slide rule, mechanical computer, etc.

They have played their respective historical roles in different historical periods, and at the same time, they have also inspired the development of modern electronic computers.

The earliest application of computers was numerical computing.

Extension] The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) is the world's first electronic computer, designed in 1937 by John Vincent Atanasoff of Iowa State University and his graduate student Clifford Berry. And in 1942 it was successfully tested.

In the 30s of the last century, Atanasov, a Bulgarian of Bulgarian origin, was an associate professor in the physics department of Iowa State University, teaching students how to solve systems of linear partial differential equations, and had to face complicated calculations, which were boring work ...... that consumed a lot of timeAtanasov then developed new ideas, and from 1935 began to explore the possibility of using digital electronics for computational work.

After two years of repeated research and experimentation, the idea became clearer and clearer, and the design was generally thought out. But he also needed someone who was smart, mechanical, and hands-on to make the invention, so he approached Clifford Berry, a graduate student who was studying for a master's degree in physics at the time.

The two men finally built a complete prototype in 1939, proving that their concept was correct and achievable. The prototype was called ABC, which stands for the Atanasoff-Berry Computer that included their names.

This computer is a combination of electronics and electrical appliances, the circuit system is equipped with 300 electronic vacuum tubes to perform numerical calculations and logical operations, the machine uses capacitors to store values, the data input adopts the punch-hole reading method, and also uses the binary system. Therefore, the design of ABC has included the four most important basic concepts of modern computers, and in this sense it is an electronic computer in the true modern sense.

d. Numerical calculation.

The earliest application field of computer is numerical computing, and the scope of data processing is relatively wide, and the application in the field of computer is gradually advancing.

d In the earliest days, computers were only used for numerical computers, as evidenced by the early binary**.

1. Scientific computing.

Also known as numerical computing. A large number of complex scientific problems are often encountered in modern science and engineering technology, so the calculation of scientific research and engineering technology is a basic aspect of computer application, and it is also the field in which computers are first used in the right way.

2. Data processing.

Also known as information processing. According to statistics, more than 80% of the world's computers are mainly used for data processing.

Data processing is to record, sort, retrieve, classify, count, synthesize and transmit numerical values, texts, charts and other information data in a timely manner to obtain the relevant information required by people. It is currently the most widely used field of use for computers.

3. Process control.

Also known as real-time control. Process control refers to the use of computer for production process, real-time process control, it requires fast response speed and high reliability, in order to improve output and quality, save raw material consumption, reduce costs, and achieve the optimal control of the process.

4. Computer-aided system.

Computer-aided system refers to the use of computers to help engineering and technical personnel carry out design work, so that the design work is semi-automated or even fully automated, which not only greatly shortens the design cycle, reduces production costs, saves manpower and material resources, but also ensures product quality.

Computer-aided systems have been widely used in the design of large-scale integrated circuits, computers, construction, ships, aircraft, machine tools, machinery and even clothing. Such as computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), computer-aided testing (CAT), computer-aided teaching (CAI), etc.

5. Artificial intelligence.

Artificial intelligence (AI) enables computers to simulate certain intelligent behaviors such as human perception, reasoning, learning and understanding, and realize natural language understanding and generation, machine proof of theorems, automatic program design, automatic translation, image recognition, voice recognition, disease diagnosis, and can be used in various expert systems and robot construction.

The field of application of computers can be broadly divided into several aspects, and the following correct ones are ().

a.Real-time control, scientific computing, data processing.

b.Computer-assisted teaching, external memory, and artificial intelligence.

c.Engineering calculations, data structures, word processing.

d.Numerical processing, artificial intelligence, operating systems.

Correct answer: real-time control of Burn Peiyin, calculation of Copiyan, data processing.

Computer applications include the following:

1. Scientific Computing (or Numerical Computing) Zilu's early computers were mainly used for scientific computing. At present, scientific computing is still an important field of computer applications, such as high-energy physics, engineering design, meteorological forecasting, aerospace technology, etc.

2. Data processing (information management) uses computers to process, manage and operate any form of data, such as enterprise management, material management, report statistics, account calculation, information and intelligence retrieval, mainly including data collection, conversion, grouping, organization, calculation, sorting, storage, retrieval, etc.

3. Computer-aided design, manufacturing and testing of auxiliary engineering (CAD cam cat).

4. Production automation uses the computer to automatically detect certain signals in the industrial production process, and stores the detected data into the computer, and then processes the data as needed.

5. Artificial intelligence develops some application systems with certain human intelligence, such as computer reasoning, intelligent learning systems, expert systems, robots, etc. Extended data computer (computer), commonly known as computer, is a modern electronic computer used for high-speed computing, which can perform numerical calculations, logical calculations, and also has the function of storage and memory trapped chain. It is a modern intelligent electronic device that can operate according to the program and process massive amounts of data automatically and at high speed.

A computer that consists of a hardware system and a software system without any software installed is called bare metal. It can be divided into five categories: supercomputers, industrial control computers, network computers, personal computers, and embedded computers, and the more advanced computers include biological computers, photonic computers, quantum computers, etc.