An example of the prosperity of the Roman Empire, the rise and fall of the ancient Roman Empire

Agriculture: The Spaniard Columella is the author of the 12-volume Treatise on Agriculture, which deals with agricultural and pastoral techniques and management, as well as social economy, and has had a great influence on medieval estates.

Medicine: During the time of Tiberius, there was a famous physician Celsus (30-45 BC), who wrote 8 volumes of the Encyclopedia of Medicine, of which 7-8 volumes recorded many surgeries and described them in detail. There was a famous physician Galen (129-199), who served as the imperial physician for many years and wrote a lot.

Galen used monkey anatomy to infer human body structure. Galen also put forward the theory of "three aura", namely "vitality aura", "natural aura", and "soul aura", to explain the physiological mechanism of the human body. Galen's pharmacological writings describe a variety of medicinal herbs, about 820 species, including animals, plants, and minerals.

Galen's doctrine was regarded as a classic in the medieval West until Harvey proposed the theory of blood circulation in the 17th century.

Astronomy:

There was Ptolemy (85-168), an astronomer from Alexandria, Egypt, who wrote 13 volumes of the Astronomical Collection. The book is a masterpiece of ancient Greek and Roman astronomy, using geometric systems to describe the movements of celestial bodies, and has a star map of 1,022 stars, which is extremely complete in ancient times. In addition, the book also discusses the calculation of the calendar, the calculation of solar and lunar eclipses, and the production and use of astronomical instruments.

However, because Ptolemy believed in the "geocentric theory", in order to make this theory valid, he designed an extremely complex celestial geometry system to solve some problems that the estimation of geocentrism does not match the reality, so that the estimation results are roughly similar to the actual observations. Before Copernicus proposed the "heliocentric theory", Ptolemy's doctrine was dominant in Europe.

Geography:

Strabo (64-23 BC) is the author of 17 volumes of Geography. It is a detailed description of the "known world" of the Romans at that time, covering all parts of Europe, West Asia and North Africa, involving the physical and human geography of each place, and the influence of the environment on the economic life of each place and the study of cities. Before the Great Discoveries, it was the most detailed geography work in the West.

Ancient Rome passed through the imperial era (753-509 BC), which corresponds to the Spring and Autumn Period in China. The Roman Republican era (509 BC – 27 BC) corresponds to the Warring States period of China to the Western Han Dynasty and the Emperor period. Roman Empire (27 BC – 476 AD, 1453 AD.

Three periods. In the eighth century B.C., the villages of seven hills near the Tiber River in Italy united and built a city wall.

This is the city of Rome, also known as the City of the Seven Hills. Rome was a city-state, and due to a lack of security, the Romans constantly waged wars against foreign countries. The expansion of Rome from the fifth century BC to the second century AD transformed Rome from a city-state into a multi-ethnic, multi-religious, multi-lingual, multi-cultural empire spanning three continents of Asia, Africa and Europe, covering an area of five million square kilometers, and the Mediterranean Sea became an inland lake.

Ancient Rome was a peculiar mixture of aristocracy, oligarchy and democracy.

Before the republican era, power was concentrated in the hands of the Senate. In 27 BC, the Senate voted for Octavian to become Augustus, establishing the head of state, and the Roman Republic was de facto replaced by the Roman Empire. The succession of emperors in the Roman Empire was different from the inheritance of Chinese blood relations, and the two emperors could be father and son, brothers, or friends, in short, it was the norm for the strong to be the emperor in that period.

The mighty empire lasted for four hundred years. In 390 AD, the Roman Empire was divided into two parts, the Western Roman Empire with the city of Rome as its capital, and the Eastern Roman Empire with Constantinople as its capital. The Western Roman Empire quickly declined under internal slave revolts and Germanic attacks.

In 410, the Visigoths of the Germanic peoples attacked the city of Rome, and the Western Roman emperor became a puppet.

In 476, Odoacus the German, the leader of the Roman mercenaries, deposed the Western Roman Emperor Ostu, and the Western Roman Empire officially ended. In 1453, the Ottoman Turkish Sultan Mehmed II led an army to capture the military Tanciborough. In this way, a thousand years after the fall of Western Rome, the Eastern Roman Empire also fell.

The dialectics, history, law, mathematics, astronomy, geometry, architecture, etc. of the Roman Empire were the source of modern European culture.

Reason for Prosperity: A.D.

In the first and second centuries, with the consolidation of the unified empire, with the adjustment of the production relations of slavery, and the improvement of the living standards and legal status of slaves, Rome's social economy developed rapidly. Agriculture, handicrafts, and commerce all reached an unprecedented boom. The prosperity of the Roman Empire was based on the prosperity of the city's bourgeoisie.

At the beginning of the empire, the political stability of the empire, order and peace within the empire and the establishment of the principle of private ownership of land, the "limited" protection of the state for private owners of land and the emergence of a large number of municipalities. Of course, the tendency of some freemen to despise labor and not to work in agriculture also contributed to the development of large estates. Although agriculture in Italy began to decline for various reasons, agriculture in the provinces developed rapidly.

The formation of the empire created favorable conditions for the collapse of material knowledge, which led to the prominent development of industry and commerce. A relatively peaceful political atmosphere is, first of all, conducive to exchanges between various localities. Throughout the empire, people of all ethnic groups were free to travel, and from the Euphrates to the Tayurs River did not need any passports, making it easy to trade and trade.

In addition to the objective conditions, the change in the attitude of all social strata towards industry and commerce is also conducive to the development of industry and commerce. The Führer and the new bureaucratic class, who came from the knightly class, were no longer as dismissive of industry and commerce as the old senatorial aristocracy, they were all concerned with economic interests, and industry and commerce developed by leaps and bounds.

There are many reasons for the reason for the prosperity, which are as follows:

1: Geographical location, located at the junction of Europe, Asia and Africa. The most strategically important place to facilitate territorial expansion2: Ideological factors, Rome inherited the ancient Greek culture, and at the same time had its own unique Roman culture.

3: Military factors: The perfection of the Roman military system, including the invention of the Roman phalanx, which became its absolute military power to rule Asia, Europe and Africa.

4 Political factors: Most of the leaders of Rome are capable, such as Caesar, Octavian, etc.

5: Economic factors: The Mediterranean climate has contributed to the prosperity of agriculture and fishing in Rome.