The main contribution of the Yuan Dynasty scientist Guo Shoujing

1. Mathematics: Guo Shoujing.

In addition to the progress of astronomical data, the "Chronological Calendar" that he participated in the formulation of also made significant innovations and innovations in calculation methods. Mainly: abolishing the accumulation of years in the upper yuan, using the daily method of 10,000 points, and inventing the correct method of interpolating the difference between the three times.

method, invented sagittal circumcision.

2. Optics: Guo Shoujing repeatedly applied the principle of pinhole imaging in the astronomical instruments such as Jingfu and Yangyi, which is also a relatively prominent achievement in the history of Chinese optics and reflects the high application ability of optical knowledge in ancient China.

3. Water conservancy: Guo Shoujing led the migrant workers to excavate and dredge the original river channel, build embankments and dams, and in less than a year, repaired the Tanglai Canal with a length of more than 400 miles and the Hanyan Canal with a length of more than 250 miles, as well as more than 10 main canals and 68 large and small branch canals, and at the same time erected sluices and dams to effectively control the amount of water entering the canal, and successfully completed the task of dredging and repairing the canal.

4. Astronomy: Guo Shoujing used the astronomical instruments he improved and created to make many precise astronomical observations, so that the compilation of the "Time Calendar" had a reliable basis for observation.

5. Geography.

Guo Shoujing once proposed that the sea level should be used as a benchmark to compare Dadu (present-day Beijing) and Bianliang.

Kaifeng, Henan today.

The difference between the topography of the two places is the origin of an important concept in geography, "altitude".

The Calendar of Time and the Governance of Water Systems were compiled. Guo Shoujing (1231-1316), an astronomer, mathematician, water conservancy expert, and instrument manufacturing expert of the Yuan Dynasty, was born in Xingtai, Shunde (present-day Xingtai, Hebei). In order to compile the calendar, he successively created and improved more than a dozen kinds of astronomical instruments and meters, such as the Gao Biao, the Houji Instrument, the Jian Instrument, the Armillary Sphere, the Liyun Instrument, the Jingfu, the Yang Instrument, and the Peep Table, which took a long time.

In compiling the calendar, Guo Shoujing and the Nepalese architect Anika built a stargazing platform in Beijing, which housed the advanced astronomical instruments made by Guo Shoujing. There are two main types of astronomical observations for calendaring. One is to measure the exact time of the 24 solar terms, especially the winter solstice and summer solstice, and the instrument used is the sundial.

The other is to determine the position of celestial bodies, and the main tool used is the armillary sphere.

In terms of water control, Guo Shoujing has made two major achievements in water control, one is to control the Yellow River water system, and the other is to create a water system in the capital. In less than a year, Guo Shoujing led the migrant workers to repair the Tanglai Canal, which is more than 400 miles long, and the Hanyan Canal, which is more than 250 miles long, as well as more than 10 trunk canals and 68 branch canals of different sizes, and successfully completed the task of dredging and repairing the canals. Guo Shoujing's water control has benefited the Xixia River Canal, and tens of thousands of hectares of farmland have been irrigated in a timely manner.

Guo Shoujing's main contributions were arithmetic, astronomy, water conservancy, etc., and he was a great scientist and astronomer in China at that time. In astronomy, he compiled works on the astronomical calendar, such as "Tuibu", "Licheng", and "Draft of the Calendar".

Guo Shoujing used the astronomical instruments he improved and created to make many precise astronomical observations, so that the compilation of the "Time Calendar" had a reliable basis for observation. He has worked on and led a wide range of observations, such as the winter solstice, the 28-naktra elongation and star catalog, the Four Seas Test, the Yellow and Red Angles, and the determination of epoch times, most of which are the most accurate or nearly the best in the history of the ancient Chinese calendar. One of the more well-known is the Four Seas Test.

The main contributions of Guo Shoujing, a scientist in the Yuan Dynasty of China, are as follows:

From the thirteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1276), Guo Shoujing was ordered to revise the new calendar. The Chronological Calendar, which lasted more than 360 years, took four years to complete, making it the most advanced calendar in the world at the time.

According to the Chronological Calendar, the year of return is a day, i.e. 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes and 12 seconds, which is only 26 seconds short of the actual bending time of the Earth revolving around the Sun. It is the same period as the "Gregorian calendar" (colloquially known as the Gregorian calendar) currently used in the world. However, the "Gregorian calendar" began to be used in 1582 (the tenth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty), more than 300 years later than Guo Shoujing's "time calendar", and had a certain influence in the world.

Guo Shoujing used the astronomical instruments he improved and created to make many precise astronomical observations, which provided a reliable observation basis for the compilation of the "Chronological Calendar". He has worked on and led many observation projects.

For example, the time of the winter solstice, the distance of the 28 stars and the star catalog, the Four Seas experiment, the Yellow Chijiao and the determination of the time of certain epochs, most of which are the most accurate or close to the best in ancient Chinese history. One of the more well-known is the Universal Test.

Guo Shoujing created 12 kinds of instruments for the observatory, which were completely imitated as the work of the "time calendar". Four instruments can be taken to the field for observation. Their names are contained in Qi Lu Qian's "To Taishi Poems Yuan Guo Gong Xingzhi".

They are Jianyi, Gao Biao, Afterword, Hunshi, Linglong, Yang Yi, Li Yun, Li Zheng, Jingfu, Guo Bei Fangji, Sun and Moon Eclipse, and Star Sundial Timer. Some researchers believe that the last one is about the sundial and time of the star.

Scientists of the Yuan Dynasty in our country".Guo Shoujing"The main contribution is in astronomy.

Guo Shoujing used the astronomical instruments he improved and created to make many precise astronomical observations, thus making the "Time Calendar.

has a reliable basis for observations.

He has worked on and led many observation projects, such as the time of the winter solstice, the 28th nakshatra distance and star catalog, the Four Seas Test, and the Yellow and Red Angles.

and the determination of epochal moments, most of which are the most accurate, or near-best, in the history of the ancient Chinese calendar. One of the more well-known is the Four Seas Test.

Personal writings

Guo Shoujing was involved in Xu Heng.

Wang Sui and others jointly developed and formulated the "Time Calendar" that had been in use for more than 360 years, which became the most advanced calendar in the world at that time.

According to the "Yuan History: The Biography of Guo Shoujing", Guo Shoujing's astronomical calendar works include "Tuibu", "Licheng", "Draft of the Calendar", "Turning the Mind Choice", "Upper, Middle and Lower Three Calendar Notes", "Time Notes", "Revision of the Calendar", "Ritual Method", "Two Solstice Sundial Examination", "Five-Star Detailed Examination Fifty Volumes", "Ancient and Modern Delivery Examination", "New Measurement of Twenty-eight Miscellaneous Sitting Stars into the Pole", "New Measurement of the Unknown Stars", "Moon Departure Examination" and other 14 kinds, a total of 105 volumes.

Arithmetic, astronomy, water conservancy.

Guo Shoujing (1231-1316), a native of Xingtai County, Xingzhou (now Xingtai City, Hebei Province), was a famous astronomer, mathematician, and water conservancy engineering expert in the Yuan Dynasty.

Guo Shoujing has made outstanding achievements in astronomy, calendar, water conservancy and mathematics, and invented 12 new instruments such as simple instruments and high watches, and his representative work "Chronological Calendar" was the most advanced calendar in the world at that time.