What are the schools of philosophy, what are their views, and what are their basic schools

The basic schools of philosophy and their historical formations.

There are two basic forms: materialism and idealism, among which, materialism includes ancient naïve materialism, modern metaphysical materialism, dialectical materialism and historical materialism, and idealism includes subjective idealism and objective idealism.

Idealism: Thinking and spirit come first, existence and matter are secondary.

Subjective idealism.

The human feelings, experiences, and wills are regarded as the origin of the world, and the objective world is the product of the spirit.

Lu Jiuyuan: The universe is my heart, and my heart is the universe.

Wang Yangming: There is nothing outside the heart, nothing outside the heart, and no reason outside the heart.

Berkeley: Matter is a collection of ideas, and to exist is to be perceived.

Mach: Matter is a composite of sensations, a composite of elements.

Evaluation: Subjective idealism exaggerates the status and role of the subjective spirit, denies the independent existence of objective things, and inevitably leads to solipsism. But in the history of philosophy, it also has its status and role.

To some extent, science also has a lot of "idealistic" elements.

Objective idealism.

The belief that an "objective spirit" exists before and independently of the material world is the origin or essence of all things.

Plato: Theory of Ideas The real world is a shadow of the world of ideas.

Hegel: Absolute Spirit.

Zhu Xi: Reason is in advance, reason is in qi.

There are two main schools of philosophy: materialism and idealism.

Materialism recognizes the primacy of matter and the secondness of consciousness, and goes through three forms in turn: naïve materialism, mechanical materialism, and dialectical materialism.

Idealism recognizes the primacy of consciousness and the secondness of matter, and includes two types: subjective idealism and objective idealism.

Idealism can be divided into subjective idealism and objective idealism.

Materialism can be divided into ancient materialism, modern metaphysical materialism and dialectical materialism (which is what we usually call Marxist philosophy).

This topic is too big to write a book, and it is divided into idealism and materialism from the perspective of the primacy of existence, and from the perspective of the knowability of the world, it is divided into agnosticism and agnosticism, which is only the most basic.

It is recommended to buy a copy of "The History of World Philosophy" and read it.

Two basic sects: idealism, materialism.

Idealism: The belief that the world is conscious and that consciousness determines matter.

Materialism: The belief that the world is material, and that matter determines consciousness.

Idealism can be divided into subjective idealism and objective idealism.

Materialism can be divided into ancient materialism, modern metaphysical materialism, and dialectical materialism.

The basic schools of philosophy are materialism and idealism

1. Materialist philosophy.

There are three basic forms of materialism: ancient naïve materialism, modern metaphysical materialism, dialectical materialism and historical materialism.

1) Ancient naïve materialism.

Basic view: Metal, wood, water, fire, earth, etc. are the origin of the world.

Progressiveness: The denial that the world was created by God and the belief that the world is material adheres to the fundamental direction of materialism and is inherently correct.

Limitations: aThis is a valuable speculation, and there is no scientific basis for it. b.It reduces matter to concrete forms of matter and simplifies complex problems.

2) Modern metaphysical materialism.

The basic point of view is that atoms are the origin of the world, and the properties of atoms are the properties of matter.

Progressive: enriches and develops materialism.

Limitations: The concrete form of matter is still equated with matter. It is mechanical, metaphysical, stupid, filial piety, and incomplete.

3) Modern dialectical materialism and historical materialism.

The basic viewpoint is that matter is the origin of the world, and the essential attribute of matter is objective reality.

Progressiveness: It put an end to the idealistic view of history, founded a materialist view of history, and achieved the unity of the view of nature and the view of history.

2. Idealistic philosophy.

1) Subjective idealism.

Regard the human spirit as the origin of the world.

2) Objective idealism.

The "objective spirit" independent of human beings is regarded as the origin of the world.

The basic problem of philosophy is the basic basis for dividing philosophical schools. It consists of two aspects: (1) which is the primacy of thinking and matter, and (2) whether thinking and matter are unified.

According to the difference in the first question, it can be divided into materialism and idealism. Materialism believes that the origin of the world is matter, and idealism believes that the origin of the world is consciousness. The dualistic worldview cannot be regarded as an independent philosophical school, because it will eventually slide into idealism.

According to the difference between hunger and annihilation on the second question, it can be divided into agnosticism and agnosticism. Agnosticism holds that the world can be fully recognized, and agnosticism holds that the world is unknowable, and the typical philosopher of agnosticism is Berkeley.

The two aspects of the fundamental question of philosophy are not equally important, of which the second question is subordinate to the first.

Therefore, 1, the two basic schools of thought in Zherot Chongxue are materialism and idealism.

2. There are three basic forms of materialism, and they are divided according to different understandings of matter. They are: (1) ancient naïve materialism, which understood matter as a concrete material form, such as the ancient Chinese Five Elements Theory, and foreign countries that believed that the original of the world was water.

2) Modern metaphysical materialism, which holds that the original principle of the world is the atom.

3) Dialectical materialism. It is believed that matter is an objective reality that is not subject to human will.

3. The basic schools of idealism are subjective idealism and objective idealism.

1) Subjective idealism, which holds that subjectivity determines objectivity. For example, I think, therefore I am, to exist is to be perceived, and so on.

2) Objective idealism, which holds that objectivity determines objectivity. For example, a thing is a collection of absolute ideas.

The basic schools of philosophy are materialism and idealism. Materialism reduces the origin of the world to matter, claims.

The primacy of matter and the secondness of consciousness believe that consciousness is the product of matter, which is specifically divided into ancient naïve materialism, modern metaphysical materialism and dialectical materialism. Idealism reduces the origin of the world to spirit, and advocates the primacy of consciousness and ideas (laws), 2

Matter is secondary, and matter is a product of consciousness.

The two basic schools of philosophy are explained below

The difference in the first aspect of the basic problems of philosophy is the only criterion for dividing the two basic schools of philosophy, materialism and idealism. The basic problem of philosophy is the question of the relationship between thinking and being, or the relationship between spirit and matter, consciousness and matter. There are two aspects to the basic questions of philosophy (the question of the foundation of philosophy includes two aspects of the question):

First, it is a question of which is the primacy and what is the primordial nature of the spiritual and the material. The difference in this question is the only criterion that distinguishes the two basic schools of philosophy, materialism and idealism. Anyone who believes that matter is the first nature, spirit is second, and that matter determines spirit is materialism; Anyone who believes that spirit is the first nature, material is second, and that spirit determines matter is idealism.

The second aspect is whether spirit and matter are identical, that is, whether human consciousness can correctly understand the real world. The difference in this question is the criterion for distinguishing between agnosticism and agnosticism. Agnosticism is the belief that people are able to perceive the real world correctly; Agnosticism is the belief that it is impossible for people to know the real world.