How many writing techniques are there in Chinese?

Rhetorical method in a nutshell.

There are 8 common rhetorical methods in the college entrance examination: metaphor, analogy, borrowing, exaggeration, duality, comparison, questioning, and rhetorical question.

1 Metaphor: The structure of a metaphor is generally composed of an ontology, a metaphor, and a metaphorical word. The ontology of the metaphor and the metaphor must be different things, but there are similarities between them. The use of metaphor can turn the ordinary into vivid, the profound into the simple, and the abstract into the concrete.

2 Analogy: including anthropomorphism and skeurum. Anthropomorphism is to describe things as people, giving them human emotions, will, actions, etc.; Simulacrum is to describe people as objects, or to describe this thing as something else.

The use of analogy can make people or things colorful, vivid and rich.

3 Borrowing: Replacing the ontology with the borrowed body. It does not directly say the person or thing to be expressed, but uses its related things to replace, and can use parts to replace the whole, to replace the ontology with features, and to replace the general name with a proper name.

The metaphor requires that the ontology has similarities with the metaphor, and the borrowing requires that the borrowing body have similarities with the ontology. Borrowing can make a concrete image expressed.

4 Exaggeration: This includes the reasonable exaggeration or reduction of things. Lu Xun wrote in "Medicine":

The eyes are like two knives, stabbing the old bolt by half. The latter sentence uses the exaggeration of "shrinking". Exaggeration should be reasonable and reasonable, and its function is to set off the atmosphere, enhance associations, give inspiration, and enhance the effect of expression.

5 Duality: commonly known as "pairs", in poetry it is called "pairs". There is a difference between a wide pair and a strict pair.

Generally speaking, the upper and lower sentences should have the same number of words, relative parts of speech, the same structure, and related meanings; It can be a phrase or a sentence. There are types such as positive pairs, opposing pairs, and flowing pairs. With duality, the sentences are neat, the ideology is concise, and the lyricism is hearty.

7 Questioning: Undoubtedly asking, attracting attention and inspiring thinking in self-questioning and self-answering.

8 Rhetorical question: It is also undoubtedly asked, but the answer is in the question, that is, the positive form is used to express the negative meaning, and the negative form is used to express the positive meaning. It has the effect of strengthening the tone and strengthening the emotion.

Writing methods: exaggeration, contrast, metaphor, personification, suspense, correspondence, association, imagination, combination of inhibition, combination of point and surface, combination of movement and static, combination of narrative, scene blending, contrast, foreshadowing, supporting the words and aspirations, white description, foreshadowing suspense, frontal and side metaphor symbolism, borrowing from the past and the present, showing the chapter, connecting the previous and the next, getting to the point, contrasting, contrasting movement and static, virtual and real, real and virtual writing, supporting the meaning of things, lyricism, etc.

Modes of expression: narrative, illustrative, argumentative, lyrical, descriptive.

Descriptive Method: Language Description: A method of portraying the character of a character through the language of the character in literary creation. It can directly express the thoughts, qualities and character traits of the characters.

Psychological depiction: A depiction of a character's mental activity in a specific environment. It can reveal the inner world of the characters, express the thoughts and feelings of the characters, portray the characters' personalities, and deepen the theme of the work.

Action description: A technique used in literary works to express the character of the character through his own actions. It can show the inner world of the character, show the character of the character and its development.

Scene description: In addition to grasping the shape, color, and dynamics of the scene, the description of the scene should also explain the orientation of each part of the scene clearly, so as to leave a clear impression on people. It can set off the mood of the characters at that time.

Emotional description: You can write about the relationship between people in literary works to foreshadow what will happen later.

Lateral depiction: Lateral depiction, also known as indirect depiction, is a supplement to positive depiction. The side description is tortuous and subtle, which can arouse the reader's imagination, enrich the image of the characters, and achieve the effect of showing the other.

Rhetorical methods: common are: exaggeration, contrast, metaphor, personification, suspense, correspondence, association, imagination, combination of inhibition, combination of point and surface, combination of movement and static, combination of narrative, scene blending, setting contrast, foreshadowing, supporting words, white description, foreshadowing suspense, frontal and side metaphor symbolism, borrowing from the past and the present, showing the ambition of the chapter, connecting the previous and the next, getting to the point, contrasting, rendering, dynamic and static, and writing techniques belong to artistic expression techniques (i.e.:

Artistic techniques and expressive techniques, also including expression techniques (skills)), common are: exaggeration, contrast, metaphor, personification, association, imagination, combination of inhibition, combination of point and surface, combination of movement and static, combination of narrative, scene blending, setting off contrast, before and after, supporting the words and aspirations, borrowing the scene lyricism, foreshadowing suspense, front and side, metaphorical symbolism, borrowing the past and the present, connecting the previous and the next, getting to the point, setting off the rendering, dynamic and static contrast, etc.

Fiction and reality are born together, real and virtual writing, supporting the meaning of things, lyricism of songs, etc. Expressions are common narratives, descriptions, lyricism, arguments, and illustrations. (In fact, it is also an artistic expression).

Figures of speech are common metaphors, contrasts, analogies, dualities, borrowings, exaggerations, intertextuality, puns, rhetorical questions, questions, repetitions, rhetorical words, quotations, etc.

Chinese writing techniques include contrast, foiling, lyricism, symbolism, and supporting objects.

1.Contrast: Comparing two completely opposite things or two opposite aspects of a thing.

Contrast is a writing technique as well as a rhetorical method. For example, Gorky's "Petrel" uses this method. In the midst of a storm, the petrel flies proudly and bravely like black lightning; Two sets of stupid penguins are hiding.

Through comparison, comparing the sublime and the humble, the great and the small, the image of Haiyan is more dazzling and shocking.

2.Foiling: Accentuating the main thing with some minor things as a foil, often used in conjunction with contrast.

There are two forms, which are positive lining and reverse lining. For example, the chrysanthemum in "Love Lotus Said" is the positive lining, and the peony is the contrast to highlight the noble quality of the lotus flower, showing the author's love for the lotus.

Function: Highlight the subject, make it distinct, and give people a deep impression.

3.Lyrical borrowing scenes: Describe objective scenes with strong main feelings, and place the emotions you want to express in the scenes.

It is also called allegorical scenery or scene blending. For example, Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha Autumn Thoughts" uses 9 kinds of scenery to support feelings, allegorical in the scene, and renders a bleak and sad artistic conception in the blending of scenes.

The writing techniques of the language include symbolism, contrast, etc., which are described in detail as follows:

1. Symbolism: through the specific image of a certain characteristic, express a certain social phenomenon and the essential characteristics of someone. The majestic shore, uprightness, simplicity, and gentle and strong inner style of the poplar tree not only "symbolizes the northern peasants, but also symbolizes the spirit of perseverance and striving for progress that is indispensable in our national struggle."

2. Contrast: Compare two opposite things or two opposing aspects of a thing, and clearly highlight the characteristics of the main thing or the main aspect of the thing. Based on his own personal experience, through the comparison with Beiping, London, and the tropics, the author writes about the "miracles" and "strange things" of Jinan in winter with no wind, fog, and no poisonous days, highlighting its "warm and sunny", and praising Jinan as a "treasure land".

3. Lyrical borrowing scenes: express the author's sincere thoughts and feelings through specific and vivid natural scenes or life scenes. From different angles and different levels, the article vividly depicts the interesting landscape of Baicao Garden and the boring life scene of Sanwei Study.

It shows the author's love for nature, his love for freedom and happiness, and his dissatisfaction with the thoughts and feelings of feudal education that restricts children's development.

4. Borrowing things as metaphors: describing things, highlighting their characteristics, and using them as metaphors to express the author's noble thoughts and sentiments. The father guides the child to talk about peanuts in order to talk about life; He praised Peanut's character, but also to show what kind of person should be a human being.

I learned from my father's words that "one should be a useful person, not a person who only talks about decency and does not benefit others." This realization was affirmed by my father, which was like the finishing touch, and naturally expressed the central idea of the article.

5. Accentuation: When writing, first describe from the side, and then lead to the theme, so that the things to be expressed are distinct and prominent. First said that the poplar tree is not a "good woman", and then praised it as a "great husband", which more prominently emphasizes the external image and inner charm of the poplar tree.

1) Symbolism. It refers to the use of concrete objects to represent similar or opposite concepts, thoughts, and feelings. The use of symbols can make abstract concepts, thoughts, and visualizations, and can make thoughts and feelings express implicitly and intriguingly.

For example, "I heard that Wang Changling moved to the left and Longbiao Yao sent this": "I send my sorrow and the bright moon, and follow the wind until the night is long." The "bright moon" here symbolizes an empathetic confidant.

2) Foil (contrast). Foiling refers to the artistic technique of depicting one thing to show another thing, and it is divided into two types: positive lining and reverse contrast. Contrast is to compare two opposing things or two different aspects of the same thing together, and the role of contrast is generally to render the atmosphere, express the characters or highlight the theme with the Spring Festival.

For example, in "From Baicao Garden to Sanwei Study", "Baicao Garden" and "Sanwei Study" are two different living environments for children, one is "paradise"; One is the strictest school, which illustrates the constraints of feudal education methods on children's nature through the comparison of children's two different life experiences; Its function is to make the characteristics of the object to be expressed more prominent and distinct, and help express the author's feelings or the main idea of the article.

3) Inhibition. It refers to the writing or desire to promote first or desire to suppress first, and then take a sudden turn, beyond the reader's expectations, so that the article has the effect of peaks and loops, ups and downs. Its function is to create psychological contrast among readers, enhance the interest and readability of the article, and highlight the characteristics of things and certain feelings.

4) Supporting things and words. The essence of writing is to express the author's ambition or opinion on a certain issue through the praise of the object. Its function is to skillfully integrate the author's emotions and ideas into things, so that the article is subtle, philosophical and suggestive, so that readers can get a unique aesthetic enjoyment in appreciation.

5) Citations. or quote legends and stories to enhance the legend and mystery of the article; or Senyan quotes poems to enrich the content of the article, enhance the poetry and picturesqueness of the article, and make the article have artistic conception and beauty; Or quote a quote to make the article persuasive.

Repeat and accentuate. Repetition refers to the repetition of sentences of the same or similar form to express feelings, exaggerate emotions, and highlight the theme. Contrast, through the description of the environment and a specific atmosphere, to express a certain emotion of the characters.

7) Combination of virtual and real (illustrate association and imagination). The so-called association is the mental process of thinking from one thing to another, and the so-called imagination is the process of creating a new image on the basis of the original perceptual image. Associative imagination is often used together, which can make the content of the article richer, the image fuller and more vivid, and increase the artistic expression of the article.

The writing techniques of Chinese include expressions, writing methods, rhetorical devices, etc.

1. The expressions are: narrative, argumentative, lyrical, describing and explaining the trapped mountain.

2. Writing methods include: suspense, correspondence, association, imagination, combination of inhibition, combination of point and surface, combination of movement and static, combination of narrative, scene blending, echoing from beginning to end, contrast between lining the town and the middle support, foreshadowing, supporting the words and aspirations, white description, foreshadowing suspense, front and side, metaphorical symbolism, borrowing the past and the present, showing the ambition of the chapter, connecting the previous and the next, getting to the point, contrasting, rendering, contrasting movement and static, virtual and real, real and fictional, supporting the meaning of things, lyricism, etc.

3. Rulers and rhetorical techniques include: metaphor, comparison, personification, exaggeration, borrowing, rhetorical questioning, questioning, duality, repetition, etc.

The language writing techniques are as follows:

1. Symbolism. Through the specific image of a certain characteristic, the essential characteristics of a certain person and a certain social phenomenon are expressed. Example:

The grandeur, integrity, simplicity and gentleness of the poplar tree, as well as its gentle and strong inner style, not only "symbolizes the northern peasants, but especially the simple, strong, and progressive spirit that is indispensable in our national struggle today."

Second, the foil. The other body is used to foil the ontology from the front and back angles to highlight the main features of the ontology. Zhu Ziqing's lyrical prose masterpiece "Spring" is one of its major characteristics.

It has achieved the method of writing the scenery against each other, so that the image of the scenery is more distinct in the mutual reflection. In the spring sketch, the author used a foil technique when depicting the soft characteristics of the spring grass.

3. Contrast. Compare two opposite things or two opposing aspects of a thing, and clearly highlight the characteristics of the main thing or the main aspect of the thing. Example:

The author of "Winter in Jinan" uses his own personal experience, through the comparison with Beiping, London, and the tropics, to write about the "miracles" and "strange things" of Jinan's winter without wind, heavy fog, and poisonous days, highlighting its "warm and sunny", and praising Jinan as a "treasure land".

Fourth, borrowing scenery to lyrical.

By describing specific and vivid natural scenes or life scenes, the author's sincere thoughts and feelings are expressed. For example, the article "From Baicao Garden to Sanwei Study" vividly describes the interesting landscape of Baicao Garden and the boring life scene of Sanwei Study House from different angles and different levels, showing the author's love for nature, his love for free and happy life, and his dissatisfaction with the thoughts and feelings of feudal education that restricts children's physical and mental development.

Fifth, borrowing things to illustrate people.

Describe things, highlight their characteristics, and use them as metaphors to express the author's noble thoughts and sentiments. For example, "In Praise of the Poplar" uses the poplar tree as a metaphor for the northern military and civilians, and the characteristics of the poplar tree as a metaphor for the tenacious spirit of the northern military and civilians fighting and fighting for the cause of China's liberation.