The Records of the Historian records the history of more than 3,000 years, how long did it take Si

1. Sima Qian wrote "Historical Records", which took a total of 14 years.

2. The creative process.

Sima Qian's father, Sima Tan, once served as Taishi Ling, and took the revision of history as his sacred mission, but unfortunately his ambition was not fulfilled and he passed away. Sima Qianzi inherited his father's ambition and succeeded Taishi Ling. In his early years, he studied with Kong Anguo and Dong Zhongshu, roaming all over the world, understanding customs and collecting rumors.

The first Langzhong was appointed to the southwest. In the first year of Taichu (104 BC), Sima Qian began the creation of the Taishi Gongshu, which was later known as the Historical Records. However, there was an accident, in the third year of the Tianhan Dynasty (98 years ago), Li Ling was defeated and surrendered to the Xiongnu, and Sima Qian was imprisoned for defending the matter to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and was sentenced to palace punishment, which gave him great physical and mental trauma.

After being released from prison, he endured humiliation and dirt, and worked hard to continue to complete the historical books he wrote, with his historical knowledge of "studying heaven and man, through the changes of the past and the present, and becoming the words of a family", he went through 14 years before and after, and created China's first general history of the chronicle "Historical Records".

3. Brief introduction of the work.

The Records of the Historian is a biography written by the famous historian Sima Qian of the Western Han Dynasty, which is the first general history of the Chinese history, and is listed as the first of the "Twenty-four History", recording the history of more than 3,000 years from the time of the Yellow Emperor in ancient legends to the Yuan Hunt period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Together with the later "Book of Han", "Book of the Later Han", and "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms", it is called the "First Four History".

How many years Sima Qian spent writing the "Historical Records" has always been different. The 11 volumes of the primary school Chinese textbook of the Sujiao version "Sima Qianfa angrily wrote the "Historical Records", which originally took the term "18 years". Later, after careful checking, we felt that the term "13 years" was more reliable.

So the article is discussed. Seven years later, Taishi Gong suffered the disaster of Li Ling. The so-called "discourse on the text" refers to the writing of the "Historical Records".

The disaster of Li Ling occurred in the third year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (i.e., 98 B.C.), and it was pushed up by seven years, which was the first year of Taichu (i.e., 104 B.C.).

According to the research of historians, the manuscript of the "Historical Records" should be in the second year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (that is, 91 BC).It was based on a letter written by Sima Qian to his friend Ren An that year. The letter contains these words:

The servant is close to the words of incompetence, covering the world to let go of the old news, testing its actions, and examining its success or failure, all hundred and thirty articles. He also said, "Fu Cheng has written this book, and the famous mountain is hidden and passed on to others."

This means that I have recently collected a wide range of historical materials scattered among the people, conducted careful research, and deduced the reasons for their rise and fall, and wrote a total of 130 articles. I intend to treasure this book for posterity.

From the first year of Taichu to the second year of Zhenghe, it was exactly 13 years. The entry for "Historical Records" in Cihai also says this: "Historical Records", "China's first general history in the form of biographies."

It was written from the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to the second year of Zhenghe (104 BC - 91 BC).In addition, the "Dictionary of Chinese History" and the "Encyclopedia of China" also adopt this theory.

Of course, it would take 18 or 16 years to complete the book, which takes into account the preparation process of conceiving, collecting information, and even referring to the royal archives after Sima Qian was appointed.

In 104 B.C., Sima Qian began the greatest project of his life - the compilation of the "Historical Records", and in 91 B.C., the famous work "Historical Records" was finally completed after 13 years of hard work by Sima Qian. There are 130 articles with more than 520,000 words. The "Historical Records" records the history of more than 3,000 years from the era of the Yellow Emperor in ancient Chinese legends to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (122 BC).

The "Records of the Historians" is the first general history in the form of a biography in Chinese history, with a total of 130 chapters, which are divided into five forms: the book, the book, the table, the family, and the biography. A type of biography, which mainly records the affairs of the princes.

The birth of "Records of the Historian" is a major event in the history of Chinese culture. In his book "Outline of the History of Chinese Literature", Mr. Lu Xun praised "Historical Records" as "the swan song of historians, and the rhyme of separation". As far as the specific development of Chinese historiography is concerned, the contribution of the Records of the Historian is enormous.

First, to establish an outstanding genre of general history. The Records of the Historian is the first masterpiece of general history in the history of Chinese historiography that connects the ancient and the modern and covers hundreds of generations. It is no exaggeration to say that it is the most brilliant achievement in the history of ancient Chinese historiography or the most brilliant achievement in the history of ancient historiography in the world.

This is clear when compared with Herodotus' Histories. It is precisely because the "Records of the Historians" was able to compile a book from the past and the present, setting a precedent and setting an example, that those who imitated this genre and revised history began one after another. The family style of general history has always influenced the research and writing of modern historiography.

Second, the independent status of historiography has been established. In ancient China, historiography was included in the scope of classics and had no independent status of its own. Therefore, the book of history is attached to the back of "Spring and Autumn" in Liu Xin's "Seven Strategies" and Ban Gu's "Art and Literature Chronicles".

Since Sima Qian completed the "Historical Records", the author has continued to write more and more works on history. Therefore, Xun Miao of the Jin Dynasty adapted to the new requirements, and divided the classics of the past dynasties into four parts: Part A records the Six Arts Primary School, Part B records the military skills of the sons, Part C records the history of the emperor, and Part D records the poems and gives Tuzan.

As a result, the discipline of history has achieved an independent status in the field of Chinese academics. Drinking water and thinking about the source, this merit should be attributed to Sima Qian and his "Historical Records".

Third, the tradition of historical and biographical literature was established. Sima Qian's literary accomplishment is profound, and his artistic methods are particularly exquisite. Often some extremely complicated facts, he has been very appropriate, orderly, and then far away, knowledgeable, vivid, refined, full of feelings, handwritten, all the words are vertical and horizontal, the image is bright, so that people "exclaim and hit, do not know why it is".

Rong Zhai Essays, Historical Records Concise and Wonderful).

However, it must be pointed out that due to the limitations of the author's time and class, his view of history is idealistic, which also affects the historical authenticity and comprehensiveness of the content of his works to a certain extent.

Because of Sima Qian.

Several generations of ancestors have served as historians.

and Sima Qian for research and other reasons, so he only knew about these things.

The first reason is that Sima Qianzu has served as a historian for several generations

According to historical records, Sima Qianzu has served as a historian for several generations, that is, to record what happened in the country, so that future generations can pass it on, and you must know the Taishi Order of the Han Dynasty.

It was Sima Qian's father, Sima Qian listened to history from childhood to adulthood, and his father consciously cultivated his knowledge in this area, and often let him read previous history and documents.

It is also because of this that Sima Qian successfully inherited his father's position after his father's death, you must know that he has this talent, Sima Qian entered the ** unit, you must know that he has done a record of history, he can read many confidential documents of the state, and many things that he did not know before can be seen.

Another historian of the Han Dynasty, Bangu.

He once commented on him: "It is said that there is a good history of the move, obeying the order of its situation, arguing but not flashy, quality but not slang, its straightforwardness, its core, not false beauty, not hidden evil, so it is called a true record." Translated, his articles are reliable, not groundless, not fabricated out of thin air, and not concealed facts.

His scientific and rigorous attitude is beyond doubt.

The second reason is that Sima Qian conducted research

Sima Qian is different from other historical historians, when he sees such historical facts, he will go to research, he will ask the local people if there is really such a legend, and take this job very seriously, thus adding authenticity to his historical events.

To sum up, most of the historical records written by Sima Qian are based on historical records, and then they go to investigate and verify history by themselves, so many people believe what he recorded.

Each dynasty has a record of historical materials, and the recorded historical materials will also be handed down. Sima Qian read a large number of historical materials, referred to relevant documents, and constantly reviewed them, and finally included them in his "Historical Records".

Because these materials have been specially recorded by civil officials from ancient times to the present, there are many materials that can be well preserved, until now, there is always history to check, so a lot of history is real.

I know it from historical sources. Because every dynasty has a record of historical materials, the recorded historical materials will also flow down.

Because Sima Qian consulted these records of historical materials, and then wrote a book that spanned 3,000 years.

Obviously, he will not live for 3,000 years, of course, he also read all kinds of historical materials, and then added his own understanding of historical materials to start writing.

From ancient times to the present, there are historians who have recorded it, and then visited the people to study it one by one, and then organized it in this way.

This is just like the current history books, you don't have to go through it to write it, you can refer to various sources, and then write it.

In fact, there are still many records of this history before, and then I can imagine some and compile some of them.

During the reign of Emperor Jing and Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, Sima Dan, who was in charge of astronomy, calendars and historical documents, was determined to revise a general history after Confucius's "Spring and Autumn". But he didn't write about his illness anymore. Before he died, he called his son Sima Qian to the sickbed and handed over his unfulfilled wish to his son to fulfill.

Sima Qian tearfully agreed to his father's request.

After Sima Dan's death, Sima Qian did not immediately begin writing. In 108 BC, Sima Qian made the Taishi Order, which allowed him to make full use of the books and archives collected by the imperial court. In 104 B.C., Sima Qian began his extensive work of writing the Records of the Historians.

By this time, he was already entering middle age.

In order to complete this historical book as soon as possible, Sima Qian wrote selflessly day and night, and almost cut off all social interactions. In 99 B.C., just as Sima Qian devoted all his body and mind to the writing of the "Historical Records", a catastrophe fell from the sky, that is, the "Li Ling Incident", which put Sima Qian in prison and sentenced him to death. At this time, it was the sixth year that Sima Qian officially began to write the "Historical Records".

In order to continue to compile the "Historical Records", in order to use his writings to defend good and evil, and to benefit the world, Sima Qian decided to accept the palace punishment to save his life.

By 91 BC, when Sima Qian finally completed the historical masterpiece "Historical Records", he was already an old man who was close to his sixtieth birthday.

Sima Qian spent almost all his life's energy, and on the basis of extensive possession of materials, after careful examination and thorough understanding, wrote the first general history of our country, thus advancing the study of history to an unprecedented new stage and erecting an immortal monument in the history of Chinese historiography.