What is the difference between instrumental rationality, normative rationality, and communicative ra

Rational thinking is a kind of thinking that has a clear direction of thinking, has a sufficient basis for thinking, and can observe, compare, analyze, synthesize, abstract and generalize things or problems. To put it simply, rational thinking is a way of thinking that is based on evidence and logical reasoning.

Can't find it in the book?

In the section on types of thinking, look carefully.

"Instrumental rationality" is an important concept in the critical theory of the Frankfurt School, and its most direct and important source is the concept of "rationality" proposed by the German sociologist Max Weber. Weber divided rationality into two types, namely, value-based rationality and instrumental rationality. Value rationality believes in the unconditional value of certain actions, emphasizing the purity of motives and the choice of the right means to achieve one's intended ends, regardless of the outcome.

Instrumental rationality refers to the fact that action is driven only by the pursuit of utilitarian motives, and action uses reason to achieve the expected purpose of its own needs, and the actor considers purely from the perspective of maximizing the effect, while ignoring people's emotional and spiritual values.

1. Generally speaking, "value rationality" is to focus rational attention on the value represented by the behavior itself, and does not care about the significance of the behavior to social fairness, justice, morality, religion and law, etc., and even in order to obtain the value of the behavior itself, it does not care about the means and consequences, but only values the results chosen by the behavior.

For example, the designer of the ** focuses on the destructive efficiency and cost performance of the **, but does not pay attention to the disastrous consequences of the use of these ** to mankind;

2. Instrumental rationality refers to the fact that people's behavior is only driven by the pursuit of utilitarian ideological motives, and the action achieves the expected purpose of their own needs with the help of reason, and the actor considers from the perspective of pure pursuit of maximizing the effect, and ignores people's emotional and spiritual values.

For example, in the pursuit of fast, high-quality project progress in construction projects, without considering the working environment of workers and greatly increasing labor intensity, the emotional and spiritual needs of workers are not taken into account in the process, and workers are regarded as labor tools without emotional and spiritual value.

The terms of instrumental rationality and value rationality should be popularly understood as the concept of tools and the concept of value, both words are can, which can be said to be tools and values.

In layman's terms, value rationality is why this is done, for example, in the case of capitalism, the critical school will ask what is wrong with the system; Instrumental rationality refers to how to do it, for example, the empirical school will pay more attention to how to do it will have better results, and it will be more utilitarian, and will not think about the irrationality behind the system.

Instrumental rationality, caring about the result, and being unscrupulous for the sake of the result, for example, Wade in the three-body problem; Value rationality, emphasizing the process, caring about whether the process is in line with moral values, can give up the result for this, such as Cheng Xin in the three-body problem.

No, value rationality is goodness, what is unscrupulous means.

In the current era, all mankind has modernization as its social goal. Modernization has brought about material progress, but it has also created social pathologies. The tone of modernization is rationalization, and the most powerful expression of rationalism is science and technology.

Technology, rooted in science, actually shapes the character of the modern world. The German thinker Max Weber called this kind of reality "instrumental rationality" because it only deals with the rationality of the means and tools to achieve specific goals, but ignores the question of the value of life at all. Hebmas, a contemporary representative of the Frankfurt School in Germany, pointed out:

The exaltation of instrumental rationality has led to the rampant determination of scientific and technological consciousness, which has led to the colonization of the living world. ”

It varies depending on the situation and is used appropriately.