The status of Tujia stilted buildings in the world

The stilted building is the embodiment of the wisdom of the Tujia people. Tujia stilted buildings are mostly wooden structures, earlier Tusi King strictly forbade the people to send tiles, only allowed to cover fir bark, thatch, called only allowed to buy horses, not allowed to send tiles.

It was not until the thirteenth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty that the Gaiwa was prospered. Generally, it is a horizontal row of four doors and three rooms, three pillars and six horses or five pillars and six horses, and the middle is a hall house, which is used for the ancestral shrines of the past dynasties, which is the core of the family sacrifice.

According to the topography, the building is divided into half section hanging, half side hanging, two-handed cart two-wing crane, hanging key head, curved ruler hanging, waterfront hanging, crossing the gorge through the hole hanging, the rich people have carved beams and painted buildings, the eaves angle is high and the stone steps are coiled, there is the poetic and picturesque realm of the pavilion in the air.

Tujia hanging corner tower.

The Tujia people love to live in groups and live in wooden buildings on stilts. The houses are built in one village, one village, and few single households. Most of the houses built are wooden structures, small green tiles, lattice windows, eaves hanging in the air, wooden railings, horse corners, antique and antique.

Generally, there is a small courtyard in the home, there is a fence in front of the courtyard, there is a bamboo forest behind the courtyard, the bluestone slab paves the road, the planed wood board is decorated with the wall, the pine is illuminated, and the family lives a quiet life in the countryside of sunrise and sunset. Tujia Tujia has a population of 5704223 in the country, mainly living in Xiangxi, Hunan and Enshi, Hubei. In addition, Shizhu, Xiushan, Youyang, Qianjiang and other counties in Sichuan Province are also distributed.

The Tujia area is surrounded by hills and rich in products. It has magnificent natural scenery and strong ethnic customs, attracting Chinese and foreign tourists. Among them, Zhangjiajie is the first national forest park in China and has become an emerging tourist resort.

The Tujia call themselves "Bizka", which means "native-born". More than 2,000 years ago, they settled in today's Xiangxi and western Hubei and, along with other ethnic minorities, were known as "Wulingman" or "Wuximan". After the Song Dynasty, the Tujia people were separately called "Tuding" and "Tumin".

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was officially named Tujia according to the wishes of the Tujia people.

The Tujia people have their own language, which belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language group of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Most people have been living with the Han people for a long time, so they began to use Chinese and Chinese very early. Only a small number of areas in Longshan, Yongshun, Guzhang and other counties in Xiangxi still speak Tujia language.

The Tujia people are mainly engaged in agricultural production, and are more influenced by the Han nationality in terms of economic and cultural development, but they also retain their own characteristics. The "golden tung oil" in Xiangxi and the "dam paint" in western Hubei are all famous products at home and abroad.

Stilted building is the place where the Tujia people live and live, build more according to the situation of the mountain, show the shape of the tiger sitting, take "the left green dragon, the right white tiger, the front Vermilion Bird, the rear Xuanwu" as the best house, later pay attention to the orientation, or sit west to east, or sit east to west. The stilted building on the hill is divided into two floors with wooden pillars on the flat ground, and the upper floor is ventilated, dry and moisture-proof, which is the living room; The lower level is a pig pen or used to pile up sundries. The size of the house is a 4-row fan 3-room house or 6-row fan 5-room house, the medium family is 5 pillars and 2 rides, 5 pillars and 4 rides, and the large family is 7 pillars and 4 rides, and the courtyard courtyard is 4 horses.

The structure of 4 rows of fans and 3 rooms is a hall house in the middle, and the left and right sides are called rao rooms, which are used for living and cooking. The room is divided into two halves by the middle pillar, the front is a fire kang, and the back is a bedroom. There is a curved corridor around the building on stilts, and the curved corridor is also equipped with a railing.

In the past, the stilted building was generally covered with thatch or cedar bark, and there were also stone slabs as the roof, and now, the stilted building in western Hubei is mostly covered with mud tiles. The construction of the stilted building is a major event in the life of the Tujia people. The first step is to prepare all the wood, the Tujia people call "cutting Qingshan", generally choose the Tsubaki tree or the purple tree, Tsubaki, purple because of the homonym "spring", "son" and auspicious, which means that spring often arrives, descendants are prosperous; The second step is to process the girder and column material, called the "frame size", and draw the gossip, Taiji diagram, lotus seed and other patterns on the beam; The third process is called "row fan", that is, the processed beam and column are connected to the tenon and arranged into a wooden fan; The fourth step is the "standing house pillar", the owner chooses the auspicious day of the zodiac, asks the neighbors to help, and the beam is sacrificed before the beam, and then everyone works together to erect a row of wooden fans, at this time, the firecrackers are ringing in unison, and the neighbors send gifts to congratulate.

After the vertical columns of the standing house are nailed rafters, tiles, and slab walls. Wealthy families also decorate the eaves on the roof, carve dragons and phoenixes under the porch holes, and decorate the balcony wooden railings. The Tujia people also plant flowers and grass in front of the house and behind the house, all kinds of fruit trees, but they do not plant mulberry in front of the house, and do not plant peaches in the back, because they are homophonic with "mourning" and "escape", which is unlucky.

There are many benefits to stilted buildings, the high ground is not only ventilated and dry, but also can prevent poisonous snakes and beasts, and sundries can be placed under the floor slab. The hanging tower also has distinctive national characteristics, and the elegant "silk eaves" and the wide "walking rail" make the stilted building unique. This kind of stilted building is more successful in getting rid of primitiveness than "Liangan", and has a higher cultural level, and is called the "living fossil" of Bachu culture.

The Tujia people love to live in groups and live on stilts. Most of the houses built are wooden structures, small green tiles, lattice windows, eaves are suspended, wooden railings, horse corners, antique fences, there are bamboo fences behind the courtyard, bluestone slabs pave the road, planed wooden boards to install houses, pine lighting, has been living a quiet life of sunrise and sunset.

It is a traditional mountain building with typical ecological adaptability characteristics built in combination with the ecological characteristics of the local mountains, such as steep mountains, more wood and less soil, humid and rainy, hot summer and cold winter, and it is also the specific physical carrier of various cultural orientations such as Tujia folk customs and artistic aesthetics. It is hidden in the mountains of Xuan'en County, Enshi Prefecture, Western Hubei Province.

Taking the stilted buildings in Pengjiazhai in western Hubei Province as an example, on the basis of building field surveying and mapping, this paper describes the unique and beautiful traditional architectural form of Tujia stilted buildings from the perspectives of building site selection, spatial layout, construction technology and cultural inheritance.