The above material embodies the knowledge of the laws of dialectical materialism

1) Matter determines consciousness, which requires everything to proceed from reality and seek truth from facts. Compared with the United States, Russia and other aerospace powers, China's aerospace is lagging behind, which means that more efforts must be made, which reflects this truth. (3 points).

Consciousness has a guiding role in people's transformation of the objective world. Chinese astronauts have invented the principle of "returning to zero" and carried forward the spirit of "having the courage to explore and not being afraid of risks" to embody this truth. (3 points) Laws are objective, which requires us to act according to objective laws.

On the basis of understanding and grasping the laws, people can transform the objective world. The fact that China's aerospace industry has won victory after victory by using the law is a manifestation of the fact that China's astronauts act in accordance with objective laws. (3 points).

Consciousness activities are purposeful and planned, active and creative, and consciously selective. In order to catch up with foreign space technology, the unremitting efforts of astronauts have embodied this by finally realizing the successful launch of the Shenzhou series of spacecraft. (3 points).

References: (1) Matter determines consciousness, which requires us to insist on proceeding from reality in everything. The documents issued by the higher authorities in the region calling for an increase in grain production do not correspond to local realities and make the mistake of subjectivism.

The leaders of a certain locality blindly carried out the instructions of their superiors, did not consider the local situation, and ordered the peasants to change the cultivation of vegetables to grow grain, thus committing the mistake of dogmatism. (2) Consciousness has a negative effect on matter, correct ideology plays a role in promoting the development of things, and wrong ideology plays a role in hindering the development of things. This is precisely reflected in the erroneous documents of the higher-level leaders and the erroneous orders of the leaders of a certain locality, which have caused huge economic losses to the peasants and adversely affected the livelihood of urban residents.

Note: If it is required to analyze the material with the knowledge of dialectical materialism, then (1) and (2) are sufficient. However, the use of dialectical materialism (including materialism, dialectics, and epistemology) to analyze can also be used as follows: (3) Contradictions are special and require us to analyze specific problems.

Neither the higher-level departments nor the local leaders have seriously analyzed the local conditions, and thus have made wrong decisions, resulting in adverse consequences, which obviously violates the requirements of specific analysis of specific problems. (4) Cognition has a counterproductive effect on practice. Wrong understandings can lead people's practical activities astray.

Under the guidance of the leaders' erroneous understanding, the peasants changed to grow vegetables to grow grain, which led to a decline in farmers' incomes and the vegetables of urban residents were also affected. （5）……

(1) The connection of things is universal and objective, and we should look at the problem from the perspective of connection. China's first environmental protection has been established as a basic national policy, sustainable development as a major strategy, and a series of measures to strengthen environmental protection have been taken to strengthen environmental protection while promoting economic development, which is the embodiment of the universal connection of things.

2) The whole and the parts are interconnected and inseparable. The function of the part and its changes will affect the function of the whole, and the function of the key parts and their changes will even play a decisive role in the function of the whole. Protecting the environment has a bearing on the overall situation and long-term development of China's modernization drive, and is a cause that will benefit the present generation and future generations.

1) Things are changing and developing, which requires us to look at problems from the perspective of development. The vast number of astronauts in China have completed the research and development from "Shen-1" to "Shen-7", which embodies the viewpoint of development.

2) The essence of development is the emergence of new things and the death of old things, which requires us to have the spirit of innovation. The vast number of astronauts in China have gathered wisdom to tackle key problems, faced difficulties, overcome one acute topic after another, and made breakthroughs in key technologies to reflect the innovative viewpoint.

3) The development of things is the unity of progress and twists and turns, which requires us to not only firmly believe that the future is bright, but also be prepared to take the tortuous road. The vast number of astronauts in our country have pooled their wisdom to tackle key problems, risen to the occasion, and completed the research and development from "Shen I" to "Shen VII." There are difficulties in it, but in the end it is forward.

4) The development of things is the unity of quantitative change and qualitative change, which requires us to pay attention to the accumulation of quantity and lose no time in promoting qualitative change. Under the condition that the vast number of astronauts in China have a weak foundation and relatively little technological accumulation, they have completed the research and development of the "Shen-1" to the "Shen-7" program. Not only the accumulation of quantity, but also the realization of qualitative change.

1) The vast number of astronauts in China have overcome cutting-edge topics one by one, broken through key technologies, and completed the development from "Shen I" to "Shen VII", which reflects that the development of things always starts from quantitative change, quantitative change is the necessary preparation for qualitative change, and qualitative change is the inevitable result of quantitative change, requiring us to not only actively do a good job in the accumulation of quantity, but also constantly seize the opportunity to promote qualitative change and realize the leap and development of things.

2) Under the condition of a weak foundation and a small accumulation of technology, the vast number of astronauts in China have worked hard, gathered wisdom to tackle key problems, faced difficulties, tackled cutting-edge topics one by one, and made breakthroughs in key technologies, which reflects that the future of the development of things is bright and the road is tortuous, requiring us to be full of confidence in the future, but also to be fully ideologically prepared and brave to accept difficulties and challenges.

3) According to the mission plan of the manned space project, China will establish two space laboratories, "Tiangong-2" and "Tiangong-3", which reflect the change and development of things, the change and development of people's understanding, and the essence of development is the advance and rise of things, requiring us to look at the problem from the perspective of development.

Descartes's view is dualism based on Marxist philosophy, that is, it cannot explain who comes first and who comes after the material, and Descartes's philosophical school is thus idealism (called "rationalist epistemology" in the history of Western philosophy) under the reference of Marxist philosophy.

Hegel's point of view is that the reason why people can understand matter is because of human thinking, so reasoning that spirit precedes matter is typical idealist monism, so Hegel's philosophical school is idealism under the reference of Marxist philosophy.

Practice is subjective. Formulating a plan shows that practice is a purposeful and conscious activity to transform the objective world. The practice is socio-historical.

From the 11th Five-Year Plan to the 12th Five-Year Plan, it reflects that people's practical activities are constrained by certain historical conditions, are the products of certain historical conditions, and are developed historically. Practice is the basis of understanding. Through investigation and research, the basic idea of the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" has been formed, which reflects that practice is the first and driving force of understanding; The promulgation and implementation of the plan reflects the purpose and destination of the understanding of the practice of the reeds.

Cognition is iterative, and the process of human pursuit of truth is not smooth sailing. The process of formulating the plan shows that the correct understanding of a thing often has to go through many times from practice to understanding, and then from understanding to practice.