Can anyone tell me some basic laws of chemical reactions?

Strong acids make weak acids.

Conservation of charge, conservation of mass, conservation of atoms, conservation of materials, conservation of protons.

Related to chemical equilibrium: Le Chatletre's principle.

Avogadro's Law.

The necessary condition for a chemical reaction to proceed is that the reaction produces products (such as precipitation, gases, weak electrolytes, complexes, etc.) that are more difficult to dissolve in solvents than reactants

The essence of the hydrolysis reaction is that the weak electrolyte promotes the ionization of water.

The general law of the sequence of chemical reactions is to conform to the combination of strong and strong, and the strong reacts first; The product of the reaction that occurs first must coexist in large quantities with other substances.

1. Principle of priority discharge.

When electrolyzing the aqueous electrolyte solution, the anode discharge sequence is as follows: active metal anode (except Au, Pt> S2->I->Br->Cl->OH-> oxynate ions and F-. That is, the highly reducing particles in front of it preferentially lose electrons.

As long as there is water, the oxynate ions and f- cannot lose electrons.

2. Preferential oxidation principle.

If a solution contains a variety of reducing substances in the base sail at the same time, when an oxidant is added, the substances with strong redox properties are preferred.

3. Preferential restoration principle.

If a solution contains a variety of oxidizing substances at the same time, when a reducing agent is added, the highly oxidizing hail substances are preferentially reduced.

4. Preferential precipitation principle.

If there are several ions in a solution that can form a precipitate with the added reagent, the substances with small solubility (strictly speaking, solubility product) are preferentially precipitated.

5. Preferential adsorption principle.

Any solid has the property of adsorbing gases and liquids. However, different solid substances have different adsorption capacity for different gases or liquids, and those with large adsorption capacity are preferentially adsorbed.

6. The principle of preferential absorption for sales.

When drying gases with desiccant or purifying gases with liquids, gases with high solubility or gases that are easily absorbed are preferentially absorbed.

Seven Hidden Laws:

1. Replace it, 1 1 1 1 1

H on alkanes can undergo photohalogenation with halogen elements to generate halogenated hydrocarbons and hydrogen halides.

The h on the benzene trouser ring can be brominated with liquid bromine catalyzed by iron to produce bromobenzene and hydrogen bromide.

The h on the benzene ring can also be combined with nitric acid.

Nitrification occurs.

The h on the benzene ring can also be combined with concentrated sulfuric acid.

Sulfonation occurs.

Hydrolysis of halogenated hydrocarbons to obtain alcohols.

Alcohols and hydrohalic acids are reacted to obtain halogenated hydrocarbons.

Carboxylic acids and alcohols undergo esterification reactions catalyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid to form esters and water.

Hydrolysis of esters.

2. Addition 1 1 1, generally adding small molecules H2, X2, Hx, H2O carbon-carbon double bonds, and carbon-carbon triple bonds can be added.

Benzene ring plus H2, X2

Carbonyl in aldehydes, ketones.

H2 and HCN can be added

3. Eliminate 1 1 1, the small molecules that are generally eliminated are H2O, Hx, and some alcohols can be eliminated to obtain the corresponding olefins.

Some halogenated hydrocarbons can be eliminated to obtain the corresponding olefins.

4. Oxidation There are two kinds of oxidation: oxygen oxidation and dehydration.

The combustion of organic matter is completely oxidized.

Alcohols are catalyzed to oxidize to form aldehydes or ketones, which belong to dehydration.

Aldehydes are oxidized to acids, which belong to oxygenation.

The side-chain alkyl group of the benzene ring is covered by potassium permanganate.

The acidic solution is oxidized to benzoic acid (alpha carbon must have H atoms on it before it can be oxidized), and the carbon-carbon double bond and carbon-carbon triple bond are oxidized by the potassium permanganate acidic solution.

5. Reduction The addition reaction with hydrogen is also a reduction reaction.

In addition, nitrobenzene reacts with iron and hydrochloric acid to form aniline, which is also a reduction reaction.

6. Polyaddition Polymerization reaction on the basis of addition.

It is generally the nature of a carbon-carbon double bond.

The polyaddition reaction of olefins is carried to form polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride.

polystyrene, etc.

The polyaddition reaction of diolefins produces natural rubber, butadiene rubber, neoprene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, etc.

7. Polycondensation condensation polymerization reaction, in addition to the generation of polymers, also obtain small molecule products, generally water.

Phenol. Polycondensation with formaldehyde to form phenolic resin.

Adipic acid. Polycondensation with ethylene glycol into polyester (both diacids and diols can react similarly) amino acids. Polycondensation into a fetus, and further polycondensation into proteins.

1. Replace it, 1 1 1 1 1

The H on the alkane can be photohalogenated with halogen elements, and the H on the halogenated hydrocarbon and hydrogen halide benzene ring can be brominated with liquid bromine under iron catalysis, and the H on the benzene ring of bromobenzene and hydrogen bromide can also nitrate with nitric acid.

The H on the benzene ring can also be sulfonated with concentrated sulfuric acid.

Hydrolysis of halogenated hydrocarbons to obtain alcohols.

Alcohols and hydrohalic acids are reacted to obtain halogenated hydrocarbons.

Carboxylic acids and alcohols undergo esterification reactions catalyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid to generate hydrolysis reactions of esters and water esters.

2. Addition 1 1 1, generally adding small molecules H2, X2, Hx, H2O carbon-carbon double bonds, and carbon-carbon triple bonds can be added.

Benzene ring plus H2, X2

The carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones can be added with H2 and HCN

3. Eliminate 1 1 1, the small molecules that are generally eliminated are H2O, Hx, and some alcohols can be eliminated to obtain the corresponding olefins.

Some halogenated hydrocarbons can be eliminated to obtain the corresponding olefins.

4. Oxidation There are two kinds of oxidation: oxygen oxidation and dehydration.

The combustion of organic matter is completely oxidized.

Alcohols are catalyzed to oxidize to form aldehydes or ketones, which belong to dehydration.

Aldehydes are oxidized to acids, which belong to oxygenation.

The side-chain alkyl group of the benzene ring is oxidized to benzoic acid by an acidic solution of potassium permanganate (alpha carbon must have an H atom on it to be oxidized).

The carbon-carbon double bond and the carbon-carbon triple bond are oxidized by the potassium permanganate acid solution.

5. The addition reaction between reduction and hydrogen is also a reduction reaction, in addition, nitrobenzene reacts with iron and hydrochloric acid to generate aniline is also a reduction reaction 6. Polymerization on the basis of addition.

It is generally the nature of a carbon-carbon double bond.

Polyaddition reaction of olefins, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene and other diolefins, the generation of natural rubber, butadiene rubber, neoprene, styrene-butadiene rubber, etc. 7, polycondensation condensation polymerization reaction, in addition to the generation of polymers, also obtain small molecule products, generally water.

Phenol and formaldehyde are condensed to form phenolic resin.

Adipic acid and ethylene glycol polycondensation into polyester (both dibasic acids and diols can undergo a similar reaction) amino acids polycondensation into fetus, which are further polycondensed into proteins.

Strong acids make weak acids.

Conservation of charge, conservation of mass, conservation of atoms, conservation of materials, conservation of protons.

Related to chemical equilibrium: Le Chatletre's principle.

Avogadro's Law.

The necessary condition for a chemical reaction to proceed is that the reaction produces products (such as precipitation, gases, weak electrolytes, complexes, etc.) that are more difficult to dissolve in solvents than reactants

The essence of the hydrolysis reaction is that the weak electrolyte promotes the ionization of water.

Reaction Rule: Displacement Reaction:

1) Elemental metals. Sour. Salt.

Hydrogen. fe+2hcl==fecl2+h2

2) Elemental metals.

Salt (solution of potato ruined) Another metal.

Another salt. fe+cuso4==feso4+cu

3) Metal oxides, charcoal or hydrogen, metals, carbon dioxide or water.

cuo+h2==cu+h2o

Metathesis reaction:

Basic oxide acid salt H2O

cuo+2hcl==cucl2+h2o

Alkaline acid salt H2O

naoh+hcl=nacl+h2o

Acid salt new salt new acid.

2hcl+caco3==cacl2+h2co3

Salt 1 Salt 2 New Salt 1 New Salt 2

bacl2+2agno3==2agcl+ba(no3)2

Saline alkali new salt new alkali.

cuso4+2naoh==cu(oh)2+na2so4

Chemical reactions. Basic oxide water alkali.

cao+h2o==ca(oh)2

Acidic oxide water acid.

so2+h2o===h2so3

Metal. Oxygen = metal oxide.

Metals other than AG, PT and AU can generally be combined with oxygen, and the more active the metal is, the easier it is to oxidize and the more intense the reaction. Metal oxides are mostly basic oxides.

Metal. Non-metal = anoxylate.

The non-metallic H2 and O2 are excluded here. When the metal is more reactive and the non-metal is also more active, the easier it is for the reaction to proceed.

Metal. Salt = another metal.

Another salt. In the order of metal mobility, the first metal (except K, Ca, Na) can displace the next metal from its salt solution.

Metal. Acid salts.

Hydrogen. In the order of metal activity, the metal that precedes hydrogen can be replaced from the acid solution. The acids here mainly refer to hydrochloric acid and dilute sulfuric acid. Due to their strong oxidizing properties, concentrated sulfuric acid and nitric acid do not produce hydrogen when they react with metals, but instead produce salts, water, and other gases.

Strong Acid to Weak Acid Conservation of Charge, Conservation of Mass, Conservation of Atoms, Conservation of Materials, Conservation of Protons Related to Chemical Equilibrium: Le Chatre's Principle Azerman's Absolute Vogadro's Law The necessary condition for a chemical reaction to proceed is that the reaction produces products that are more difficult to dissolve in solvents than reactants (such as precipitation, gases, weak electrolytes, complexes, etc.) The essence of the hydrolysis reaction is that the weak electrolyte promotes the ionization of water.