The governing body of the Tang Dynasty during the Tang Taizong period

From the existing literature, it can be seen that the market management in the Tang Dynasty can be divided into several levels: the first level is the management of the Liangjing market. In the Tang Dynasty, there was a "Taifu Temple", and the governor Taifu Qing was "in charge of the state and goods, and the officials of the four cities of the General Beijing Division, Pingzhun, Left and Right Tibet, and Changping Eight Administrations; Raise their program and revise their duties".

There is also "Taifu Shaoqing" as a deputy position, specializing in "two laws to level things (one is measured, and the other is weighed); All the tributes of the Quartet, the rank of the hundred officials, the cashier and the moderation of it. and every sacrifice is offered for its coins." Because the Taifu Temple is in charge of the state's financial goods and the tributes of the Quartet belong to the important head of the national finance, so its chief has a high status, such as the Taifu Qing is a person, and the official is from the three products; The two Shaoqing are from the four grades, and they have great responsibilities and powers.

However, the specific management of market exchange and other affairs is carried out by its subordinate organs, the "Municipal Bureau" and its subordinate officials, "Municipal Order" and "Cheng". In the Tang Liangjing - Chang'an and Luoyang, under the "Taifu Temple", there are "two Kyoto City Bureau" and "Ping Zhun Bureau" and other institutions as the functional departments of the capital's market management, and their chiefs are called "Ling", that is, the Kyoto City Order and the Peace Order; Vice-job day "Cheng". The former is in charge of the private trade in goods, and the latter is in charge of the trade of government goods.

The "Liangjing Municipal Bureau" was the direct management agency of the most developed markets in the country at that time, the eastern and western cities of Chang'an, and the southern and northern cities of Luoyang, the eastern capital. The "General Dictionary" contains: "Kyoto City Order, the matter of the transaction of the hundred tribes; Cheng is the second.

Where to build a standard waiting, Chen Shi distinguishes things, with two things Ping City (said to scale to grid, bucket to mallet), to three Jia Jun City (Jia has the difference between the upper, middle and lower)". Because the east and west cities of the capital are places of public trading, and the affairs are complicated, there is 1 city commander who is set up, and his official position is from the six products; There are 2 people each, and the official position is on the eighth grade. At that time, the prefectural ordinance of a Ki prefecture was called "Zhengliupinxia"**, and it can be seen that the status of the "Kyoto City Ordinance", which was in charge of a market, was similar to that of the Ki prefectural ordinance.

In Kyoto, there are also clerks such as clerks, bureaucrats, histories, pawns, and zhanggu to do specific affairs. As the agency in charge of the official government and the city, Tang Chengsui made the "Litaifu" and set up "two people and four people in charge of the official city". "All things that are not used by the department will be shipped in time", and all things that are not official will also be shipped by it**.

Due to the relatively simple transaction of goods and goods under the management of the Equalization Administration, the status of its orders and orders is not as good as that of the "city order": the leveling order, from the seven products; Cheng, from the eight products, there are also records, mansions, histories, supervisors, pawns, Jia people, Zhanggu and other attachés.

The Tang Dynasty followed the official positions of the Sui Dynasty to formulate the system of three provinces and six ministries, and the main institutions were three provinces, six ministries, one station, five supervisors, and nine temples. The three provinces are Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province, and Shangshu Province.

The six-part system has basically remained unchanged. The three provinces refer to Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province, and Shangshu Province, and the six departments refer to the Ministry of Officials, Households, Rites, Soldiers, Criminal Departments, and Industry under Shangshu Province. Each ministry has four divisions, making a total of 24 divisions.

Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province, Shangshu Province, ancient official signature. He is in charge of confidential information, issues government decrees, discusses state affairs, and is responsible for reviewing edicts, signing seals, and has the right to seal and refute.

The Ministry of Officials is in charge of the appointment and dismissal, examination, promotion, and transfer of officials throughout the country. The Ministry of Households, signed by ancient Chinese officials, is the organ in charge of household registration and finance. The Ministry of Rites is used for the five rites of Kaoji, Jia, military, guest and fierce; Manage the affairs of schools throughout the country, the imperial examinations, and the affairs of vassals and foreign countries.

The Ministry of War is in charge of the selection of military attachés and military registration, ordnance, military orders, etc. The Ministry of Criminal Justice is in charge of the national penal decree and the institution that examines criminal names. The Ministry of Works is the agency in charge of construction projects.

**Institution: On the basis of Shangshutai in the Han Dynasty, an institutional system of "three provinces and six ministries" was gradually formed. Zhongshu, Menxia, Shangshu three provinces.

The Ministry of Officials, the Ministry of Households, the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Crime, and the Ministry of Industry, each department takes Shangshu as the chief and the waiter as the deputy, and each department has four divisions, each department takes Lang Zhong as the chief and the member Lang as the deputy. The Nine Temples and Five Supervisors are specific administrative institutions other than the Six Ministries. The nine temples are:

Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Weiwei Temple, Zongzheng Temple, Taifu Temple, Dali Temple, Honglu Temple, Sinong Temple, Taifu Temple. The five prisons are: Guozi Supervisor, Shaofu Supervisor, General Supervisor, Capital Water Supervisor, and Ordnance Supervisor Local Institutions:

Tang Taizong divided the country into 10 provinces according to the situation of mountains and rivers, but the provincial system only has the nature of supervision and division, not a first-class administrative region. Sui and Tang prefectures and counties are at the same level, and a government is set up in the place where the capital is built, which is at the same level as the state; The Tang Dynasty strengthened the governance of the Gyeonggi region and set up the Jingzhao Prefecture in Chang'an, with Jingzhao Yin as the governor, whose status was higher than that of other prefectures. Localities are divided into prefectures and counties, with the governor in the prefecture and the county in the county, and various officials in charge of specific government affairs.

In addition to assisting the government in accomplishing various administrative tasks, grass-roots organizations below the county level are also responsible for assisting in maintaining local law and order.

**: Three provinces and six ministries system Place: Daozhou County.

In summary, the ** institutions of the Tang Dynasty are called: three provinces and six ministries (three provinces: Zhongshu Province (decision-making, secretary) Zhongshu Ling, Menxia Province (attendants, advice) Shizhong, Shangshu Province (administrative) Shangshu Ling; Shangshu Province has six departments under its jurisdiction (Chief Officer:

Shangshu): Ministry of Officials (Personnel), Ministry of Household (Household Registration, Finance), Ministry of Rites (Protocol), Ministry of War (National Defense), Ministry of Criminal Affairs (Court), Ministry of Industry (Engineering, Water Conservancy); It represents the perfection of the centralization of China's feudal society.

The three provinces of the Tang Dynasty were the highest government affairs institutions of the imperial court, and the clerical system of the three provinces embodied and represented the basic characteristics of the Tang Dynasty's clerical work. The decision-making method of the Tang Dynasty** institutions was that the three provinces were responsible for decision-making, review and implementation, and the emperor made the final decision.

Role: 1: The Tang Dynasty finally ended the state system of the integration of the family and the state and the aristocratic gate lord politics, and opened the emperor-bureaucratic political system.

2: The basic pattern of the political system of the Tang Dynasty laid the basic framework and operation mode of the bureaucratic political system of later generations.

3: The appointment of officials at all levels in the Tang Dynasty had to pass examinations, and the bureaucratic form took on new characteristics.

4: The political system of the Tang Dynasty has been adjusted with the continuous changes in the social situation, reflecting a strong function of self-improvement.

5: In the operation of the political system, there is a combination of principle and flexibility.