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Song Yingxing's "Heavenly Creation" in the Ming Dynasty

1. Ancient papermaking is divided into 5 steps: "chopping bamboo and drifting ponds". After the paper-making craftsmen go up the mountain to cut the bamboo, they soak the bamboo in the pond, soak the cut bamboo in the pond for 100 days, and when they take it out, they vigorously wash it to remove the green shell and bark, with the aim of softening the bamboo.

2. Mix the softened bamboo material.

Lime water is soaked in wooden barrels and steamed for 8 days, so that impurities such as lignin, gum, and resin in the raw materials are removed. Then take out the cooking raw materials and rinse them in the clear water pond, and then put them into the pot to soak in lime water and cook, and so on for more than ten days. After repeated steaming and rinsing, the fibers of the bamboo are gradually broken down.

3. Take out the boiled raw materials and pound them into a muddy surface in a stone mortar, and mix the smashed raw materials with an appropriate amount of water to become a suspension of paper fibers, and then pour them into the paper tank. Then the fine bamboo curtain is filtered in the pulp, and the paper fibers are left on the bamboo curtain to form a layer of paper film.

4. Lay the bamboo curtain upside down on the board, and then remove the bamboo curtain, and this layer of paper film will fall on the board. Slowly stack layers of paper pages, and then squeeze them with heavy objects to drain the water from the pages. Under the extrusion of heavy objects, the paper film is also slowly formed, becoming a boxy piece of paper, so that the paper is basically formed.

5. The principle of modern papermaking and ancient papermaking is to first cut the raw materials (wood, reeds, etc.) into small sections, and then put them in steaming balls for steaming until they become pulp. After the process of sieving pulp decolorization, dilute with water, and finally spray the water dissolved with plant fibers evenly on the wool cloth or other cloths, and press it with high temperature, at this time, the fibers dissolved in the water will come out on the surface of the wool cloth and become paper.

1. Chopping bamboo and drifting pond: chopping bamboo and tender bamboo, putting it in the pond, cutting and soaking for more than 100 days, using natural microorganisms to decompose and wash off the green skin of the bamboo;

2. Boil the fire: put the bamboo obtained above into a bucket and steam it with lime for eight days and eight nights;

3. Mortar: Take out the bamboo treated above, put it into the stone mortar of the bureau, and knock it with a stone mill until the bamboo is broken, which is similar to the mud surface;

Fourth, the material into the curtain: the broken bamboo material is poured into the sink, and the bamboo curtain is used to swing the material in the water, the bamboo material becomes a thin layer attached to the bamboo curtain, and the rest of the water flows into the tank from the four sides of the bamboo curtain;

5. Cover the curtain and press the paper: Then the curtain is repeated to make the wet paper fall on the board, that is, it becomes a piece of paper. In this way, the process of sprinkling and covering the curtain is repeated, so that thousands of sheets of wet paper are stacked one by one, and then a wooden board is added to squeeze out most of the water.

Raise the wet paper one by one and dry it with a bird. The equipment for baking paper is to build an alley with adobe bricks, a fire is lit in the alley, and after the temperature of the adobe bricks rises, the wet paper is pasted and dried one by one. After drying, it is lifted to form paper.

There are few historical records about the ancient Chinese paper-making method, but in terms of the paper-making process and its principle, there has not been much substantial change in the 2,000 years since its invention. To sum up, the following steps can be summarized:

1. It is to soak the felled plants, such as hemp plants, with water, peel their skins, then chop them with a knife, put the dust in a pot and boil, and then soak and step on them after they are cooled, and stir them with sticks to break and thin their fibers.

2. It is mixed with auxiliary materials to make pulp.

3. It is made into paper by using a papermaker (bamboo curtain and the like) to make a hunger for copying and drying, which can be made into paper.

Extended file Hu Chan information:

1. The earliest paper existed 2,200 years ago, in the early Western Han Dynasty, but it was still very rough and not widely used. In 105 AD, Cai Lun of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

After improvement, it is considered to be modern papermaking.

The originator of the . ("Papyrus.")

It is not the current concept of "paper", it is a writing medium made by a certain treatment of the papyrus plant, and the papermaking technology invented in China breaks the original arrangement of plant fibers, making it re-irregular cross arrangement, and the finished product can be called "paper". )

2. Tianshui, Gansu.

The paper with a map in the Western Han Dynasty unearthed in Fangmatan is the earliest pulp paper found in the world.

3. The raw materials of papermaking are mainly plant fibers, and the raw materials contain cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.

In addition to the three main components, there are other components with less content, such as resin and ash.

Wait. In addition, there is sodium sulfate.

and other auxiliary ingredients.

Since ancient times, the working people of the Han nationality in China have known how to raise silkworms and reel silk. The above silkworm cocoons are drawn and woven with silk, and the remaining evil cocoons and sick cocoons are made of silk cotton by bleaching method. After the bleaching is completed, there will be some residues left on the mat.

When the number of bleaching is too much, the residue on the mat will accumulate into a layer of fiber flakes, which can be peeled off after drying, and can be used for writing. The number of by-products of this drifting is not large, and it is called Helang or Fang Fu in ancient books.

In the first year of Yuanxing in the Eastern Han Dynasty (105), Cai Lun improved papermaking. He used bark, hemp and cloth, fish nets and other raw materials to make paper, through the process of frustration, pounding, copying, drying and other processes, is the origin of modern paper. This kind of paper, which is easy to find raw materials, is very cheap, and the quality has also improved, and it is gradually becoming more popular.

In order to commemorate Cai Lun's achievements, later generations called this kind of paper "Cai Hou paper". The process can be broadly summarized into four steps:

The first is the separation of raw materials, that is, the raw materials are degummed in the lye solution by soaking or cooking, and dispersed into fibrous form;

The second is pulping, which is to cut off the fiber by cutting and pounding, and make the fiber broom, and become pulp;

The third is copying, that is, the pulp is soaked into slurry, and then the pulp is scooped with a paper grazer (mat), so that the pulp is interwoven into a thin sheet of wet paper on the paper grab;

The fourth is drying, that is, the wet paper is dried or dried, and when it is removed, it becomes paper.

After the Han Dynasty, although the process has been continuously improved and matured, these four steps have basically not changed, and even in modern times, in wet papermaking production, its production process is still not fundamentally different from the ancient Chinese papermaking method.

In the Western Han Dynasty, hemp paper was made from hemp; In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was boiled with tree bark, cloth and other things, and there would be a thin layer of flocculent on it, which was paper after drying, and later all dynasties used this method.

Song Yingxing's "Heavenly Creations" in the Ming Dynasty recorded the process of papermaking in ancient China: chopping bamboo and drifting in the pond, boiling and wandering on the fire, swinging the material into the curtain, covering the curtain and pressing the paper, and drying through the fire.

Ancient handmade rice paper craftsman:

Before and after the rain in Qingming Valley (bamboo) cut down, soak in the pond for more than a hundred days, and throw it in the pond. After soaking, take it out, cut it into pieces, peel and remove the knots, then put on quicklime and boil, generally boil for about a week.

After cooking, filter and rinse, rinse, mash, and steam for the second time, even steaming instead of cooking, so that it is basically clean, rinsing, rinsing and rinsing will leave pure fiber. As I just said, why is it not sticky, the viscosity of the fiber itself is gone, just like cotton, it is not sticky, you can't pull it on the top, the softness is good, and it is insect-proof, it doesn't add anything, there is nothing to eat, there is no starch or impurities, the mouse is not full, what is it doing when it bites it. In the past, he was afraid of the emperor in the court, and he was not at ease when the imperial pen and painting came, and he had to add some Chinese medicine to it.

In fact, you have preserved the rice paper, it is a little damp, it will not be broken, at least 200 years old, a little yellow, but it will not rot, and now many things in museums are made of rice paper. The books and drawings are all on rice paper.

This is a paper press rack, and then the water inside is basically pressed down with a lever and dried. It doesn't stick to the paper, because it's made of rattan and it is moved here after the water is pressed to dry, and it is moved here after about a day and a night. ”