What is the open circuit voltage of the cell related to?

Opening pressure: 1 is related to the raw material piece, resistivity.

Big, the UOC will be low. 2. If the damaged layer of texturing is not fully removed, the UOC will be low. The square resistance of diffusion and the sintering process do not match, which will lead to the large RS of the sintering.

Severe cases can lead to burn-through. The poor quality of the junction due to poor diffusion passivation also makes the UOC low. If the 4th etching is over-engraved or under-engraved, the RSH will be small, because the positive busbar is printed in the etching area, which will inevitably make the UOC low.

The poor compactness of 5sinx, sintering and sintering will make the uoc low, or the poor compactness will affect the use of light, and the poor h-passivation will also affect the false printing or deletion of the positive grid electrode during printing, which will make the leakage in the body large.

The current is not derived, the saturation dark current is large, the UOC is small, the back electric field is missing, and the sintering over-sintering or under-sintering will also make the opening voltage low. 7.The temperature is too high and the light is strong when measuring.

If it is too small, it will also make the opening pressure low.

Short flow: 1. Uneven suede during texturing will make the ISC low. 2. The diffusion junction is deep, the dead layer has a large impact, and the ISC will be low.

Low resistivity, high defect density, and severe recombination in vivo will also make the ISC low. 3. If the etching is over-engraved or under-engraved, the ISC will be low, and the ISC will be low if the PSG is not cleaned. 4Sinx has poor compactness, poor H passivation, and low ISC.

5. The positive grid electrode is cut off and deleted, and the ISC is low. 6.The measurement temperature is low, the light intensity is small, and the ISC is low.

What's more important is passivation and impurity absorption, these two are done, if the raw material piece is fine, basically the first thing is done. There's the utilization of light, measurements, and so many other factors! Personal opinion, if there is anything wrong, I hope to correct it!

The opening pressure is determined by the bandgap width, and the bandgap width of the silicon material determines its opening pressure, whether it is 125 or 156, the process is only optimized on this basis......

Back field, PECVD, square resistance, less child life, three-pass printing, texturing, the most critical is the raw material.

Commonly used batteries are lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-hydrogen and lithium-ion batteries. The various open-circuit voltages are: lead-acid battery open-circuit voltage, cadmium-nickel-nickel and nickel-hydrogen battery open-circuit voltage, and lithium-ion battery open-circuit voltage.

Detailed supplement: The so-called battery is an electrochemical equipment that stores chemical energy and emits electrical energy when necessary.

The battery usually refers to the lead-acid battery, which is one of the batteries and belongs to the secondary battery.

Its working principle: when charging, the external electrical energy is used to regenerate the internal active substance, the electrical energy is stored as chemical energy, and the chemical energy is converted into electrical energy output again when it needs to be discharged.

It uses a lead-based grid filled with spongy lead (also known as a lattice body) as the negative electrode, a lead-based grid filled with lead dioxide as the positive electrode, and a density of dilute sulfuric acid as the electrolyte. When the battery is discharged, the metal lead is the negative electrode, and the oxidation reaction occurs.

generation of lead sulphate; Lead dioxide is the positive electrode, and a reduction reaction undergoes to form lead sulfate. When the battery is charged with direct current, elemental lead and lead dioxide are generated at the two poles, respectively. After the power supply is removed, it returns to its pre-discharge state and forms a chemical cell.

Lead-acid battery can be repeatedly charged and discharged, its single voltage is 2V, the battery is a battery pack composed of one or more monomers, referred to as the battery, the most common is 6V, 12V battery, and others have 2V, 4V, 8V, 24V battery. For example, the battery (commonly known as battery) used in the car is a battery pack of 6 lead-acid batteries connected in series into a 12V.

Battery-powered forklifts.

For traditional dry-charged lead-acid batteries (such as automobile dry-charge batteries, motorcycle dry-charge batteries, etc.), distilled water should be supplemented after a period of use.

Keep the density of dilute sulfuric acid electrolyte left and right; Today, most of them are maintenance-free batteries that no longer require the addition of distilled water until the end of their life.