Why is there a controversy over the origin of oil and gas?

In our daily lives, we often use the term "fossil fuel" to refer to energy sources such as oil, coal, and natural gas, which have been formed over millions of years. In coal, fossils of trees and amber formed from the lipid substances of trees have long been found, indicating that it was made by dead organisms; For natural gas, petroleum geologists have also shown that they can be formed by the biochemistry of oil, methane bacteria, and the decomposition of coal, as well as the release of methane-rich "inorganic natural gas" from magma deep underground. Most scholars agree that oil was produced by ancient organisms, including animals and plants, especially plankton.

However, with the increasing difficulty of oil exploration and the deepening of people's understanding of oil fields around the world, more and more phenomena cannot or are difficult to explain with the theory of "organic origin of oil", especially after the discovery of a large amount of methane gas on Mars, the long-term "out of favor" inorganic oil theory has been widely valued by petroleum geologists around the world.

Phenomena Contrary to the Traditional Theory of Organic Genesis of Petroleum In recent years, experts and scholars engaged in oil and gas exploration have encountered some phenomena that are difficult to be satisfactorily explained by the traditional "theory of organic genesis" of petroleum

1) Why have some regions found oil that was formed about 1.5 billion years ago? According to traditional theories of petroleum geology and biology, the biomass at that time was not enough to form oil. Why can oil be found in non-living formations?

For example, the Atabas River region in Alberta, Canada, and the Clafuth-Pruss oil field in Kansas, USA, are home to biologically rich sedimentary rock formations.

2) Why are so many large oil and gas fields located in large linear fault zones in the earth's crust (their distribution is apparently controlled by the boundaries of the Earth's tectonic plates, such as the 19 oil fields discovered in the United States in Los Angeles in the reverse occult fault zone)? Why are some oil and gas fields adjacent to the big mountain range (most of them are the combination of plates or land plots, and the Karamay oil field in Xinjiang, China, has found more than ten oil and gas fields near the famous "Ke-Wu fault zone", and it is difficult to find large oil and gas fields without this fault zone)?

3) Why are most of the world's large and ultra-large oil and gas fields concentrated? In the Middle East, for example, it is difficult to convince me that the marine strata there can be more enriched in organic matter.

The reason for the controversy is that this change is very strong, and the geological age is gradually formed, so it can only be carried out by speculation. It cannot be verified experimentally, so several theories are proposed, each with its own reasons for which it is controversial.

What is the reason for the controversy over the origin of oil and gas? In fact, there is no accepted statement for this kind of conclusion, so there will be debate.

Because since the inevitability of his existence, since there is oil and gas, there are their supporters and opponents.

The reason why the game has this controversy may be because of a material and its use or some problems after use, which will produce this major, which is normal.

The main reason for the controversy about the origin of gas is that the ** of oil is higher than that of gas, which is one of the reasons for people's positive rate.

The main reason for the controversy over the origin of oil and gas is that everyone's subjective views are different.

Coal may have been formed not only from paleontological corpses, but also from inorganic matter. So he began to study the process of oil production. He used rudimentary equipment to imitate the conditions of the earth when it was first formed, and found that in the process of the earth changing from heat to cold, through "geothermal synthesis", countless organic salts and organic matter were produced in about 700 million years of the Paleoproterozoic.

After the evolution of the earth to the Mesoproterozoic, in a closed and semi-closed environment, under arid and hot climate conditions, evaporation and sedimentation of organic salt basins were formed. Under the geological action of evaporation and sedimentation of organic acid basins, once subjected to high temperature, organic salts are decomposed by heat, and under the action of high temperature, pressure, catalyst, etc., organic acid radicals generate "oil and gas" and carbon dioxide. The organic matter generated by the "geothermal decomposition" of the early evaporation and sedimentation of organic salt basins can become early oil and gas reservoirs if they can be preserved in the basin to this day.

He called this the "evaporation, deposition of organolates" oil and gas production mechanism.

Shi Junzhu said: "From this process, the oil and gas reservoirs formed in the early stage are inorganic genesis. The mechanism of 'evaporation and sedimentation of organic salts' can explain that the oil and gas of inorganic origin are born in sedimentary basins, can explain the high concentration of oil fields in the world, and can explain why more than 50% of the world's oil is produced in carbonate rocks.

In fact, there has been a long debate in the world about the origin of oil, and it can be generally divided into two major schools: the theory of inorganic origin and the theory of organic origin. The theory of inorganic genesis of petroleum can be roughly divided into two categories: one is the theory of deep genesis, which believes that hydrocarbons originate from the depths of the earth; The second is the theory of cosmogenesis, which holds that hydrocarbons were formed in the formation stage of the universe.

Why is there a controversy over the origin of oil and gas? Because everyone's thinking is different.

Especially if you are sincere, it is more troublesome and complicated to wear things inside.

Scientists have two main views on the generation of oil and natural gas (hereinafter referred to as oil and gas): one is that it is transformed after the death of organisms, and the theory of organic generation. The other is the theory of inorganic generation, which holds that oil and gas are synthesized from inorganic substances.

The theory of organic generation is based on the fact that almost all oil fields are found in sedimentary rocks, in which rich biological remains (such as fossils, etc.) can be found; Through experiments, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, which are the three major components of living organisms, can form substances similar to hydrocarbons in petroleum under certain conditions; Organic substances such as heme and chlorophyll found in oil, the former is derived from the blood of animals, and the latter is derived from the chlorophyll of plants. There are so many reasons for the idea that oil is transformed after the death of living things, and there are so many reasons that the theory of organic generation is accepted by most people, and the research methods and contents of oil and gas generation are now based on this view.

Although the organic theory has an absolute advantage, under the premise of organic layer oil, there is still a debate about whether oil is generated by marine organisms or by organisms in onshore rivers and lakes. In reality, the large oil fields of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and other countries in the Middle East are all produced in marine formations, while most of China's oil fields are produced in continental formations.

As early as more than 1 billion years ago, there were organisms on the earth, with the development of history, the number and variety of organisms are increasing, and organisms are multiplying and dying in large numbers, one of the algae plants can reproduce to 1036 offspring in 8 days under suitable conditions, and the weight can reach tons. A large number of organisms, mainly plankton in oceans and lakes, are oxidized to carbon dioxide after their death, and some of them are deposited as sediment to form oil and gas**.

The origin of oil is a relatively complex issue, and there are still several points of view, among which the organic genesis theory is currently dominant, and the organic genesis theory is simply that oil mainly comes from the remains of animals and plants, and it is formed after millions or even hundreds of millions of years of evolution underground.

Principles of oil formation:

It takes at least 2 million years for oil to develop, and the oldest of the reservoirs discovered today is 500 million years old. But some of the oil was generated in the Jurassic.

In the long history of the Earth's continuous evolution, there were some "special" periods, such as the Paleozoic and Mesozoic Eras, when after the death of a large number of plants and animals, the organic matter that makes up their bodies continued to decompose, mixing with sediment or carbonate sediments and other substances to form sedimentary layers.

As the sediments accumulate and thicken, the temperature and pressure rise, and as this process progresses, the sedimentary layers become sedimentary rocks, which in turn form sedimentary basins, which provide the basic geological environment for the formation of oil.

Most geologists believe that oil, like coal and natural gas, was formed gradually by ancient organic matter through a long period of compression and heating. According to this theory, oil was formed by the transformation of prehistoric marine animals and algae carcasses. (Plants on land generally form coal.)

Over a long geological time, these organic matter mixed with silt and was buried under thick sedimentary rocks.

At high temperatures and pressures underground, they are gradually transformed, first forming waxy oil shale and later degenerating into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. Because these hydrocarbons are lighter than nearby rocks, they penetrate upwards into nearby rock formations until they penetrate into the tightly impermeable, inherently empty rock formations above. In this way, the oil that comes together forms an oil field.

By drilling and pumping, one can get oil from the oil fields. Geologists refer to the temperature range in which oil forms as the "oil window". If the temperature is too low, oil cannot form, and if the temperature is too high, natural gas will form.

An oil exploration company in Houston, USA, has proposed a new theory: all oil is generated from ancient rocks, not from the decomposition of dead animals or plants and other organisms buried in the ground, as is commonly believed. This view was endorsed by three Russian counterparts, but as soon as it was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, it caused widespread controversy.

Kenny, the head of the company, believes that the geothermal heat released from the fractures of the rock formations has caused the carbonized inorganics and water buried at a depth of 100 kilometers to produce hydrocarbons under the action of high temperatures and pressures, and all the oil is formed in this way, and there are still a large number of unexplored occurrences.

Petroleum geographers have partially embraced this point of view. Mike Luwan of the U.S. Geographic Survey said there was no doubt that some of the oil came from inorganics. However, he strongly disagrees with Kenny's assertion that oil could not have been formed by organic matter in shallow rocks.

Brian Brister of the New Jersey Department of Minerals and Mineral Resources argues that Kenny's views are a defiance of organic chemistry theory and decades of research in the field of petroleum geochemistry.

At present, the generally accepted theory is that the organic matter buried in the ground in ancient times that was not decomposed by bacteria evolved over millions of years under certain temperature and pressure conditions to form oil that can be extracted. Microorganisms convert the organic matter below the earth's surface into hydrocarbons, and the remaining organic matter buried deep underground underneath the earth undergoes a complex chemical reaction at temperature and pressure to form oil. Typically commercially valuable fields are located at depths of 500 to 700 meters below the surface, with the deepest wells at depths of about 6 kilometers.

And further down 10 km, there will be no oil or gas at all.

Kenny argues that low-pressure conditions formed at the shallow surface are more likely to produce methane than heavier hydrocarbons. He obtained heavy hydrocarbons when iron oxide, pebbles and water were heated to 900 degrees Celsius in the laboratory. According to him, stable oil can only be formed at 30,000 atmospheres, that is, below 100 kilometers underground.

However, even if Kenny's theory of oil formation is only partially correct, it may open a new door to exploration in oil exploration.

There is a contradiction.

Opinions are not on the same page.

That's it.

That's why there will be arguments.

The last thing we want to admit is because we're all selfish. We always live in our own world, live our own wonderful life, and often ignore the feelings of others. We can't completely overcome this human shortcoming, but once in a while, think more about the people around you, and you will find that maybe we will get it.

Because each person's personality is different, and the angle from which they deal with and understand problems is different, everyone has different views on the same thing, and of course there are many arguments.

Because man is a "higher" animal, with thoughts, brains, ......So there will be arguments!

Because the outlook on life and values are different.

Arguments are one of life's pastimes, and many arguments are the pastimes that many people need.

Because humans eat too much and have nothing to do.