Please help provide an overview of El Ni o and La Ni a and their impact on the global climate.

El Niño, also known as El Niño currents, is a climate phenomenon that occurs when the ocean and atmosphere interact over a large area of the Pacific equatorial zone and become out of balance. Normally, the monsoon currents in the tropical Pacific region move from the Americas to Asia, keeping the Pacific surface warm and bringing tropical rainfall around Indonesia. But this pattern is disrupted every 2 to 7 years, reversing the direction of winds and ocean currents, and the heat flow from the surface of the Pacific Ocean turns eastward towards the Americas, taking with it tropical rainfall and creating the so-called "El Niño".

La Niña, which means "little girl" in Spanish, is used to refer to a widespread and persistent anomalous cooling of sea surface temperatures in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific Oceans (six consecutive months below normal). It can be seen that the definition of La Niña is the opposite of El Niño, so it is also called "anti-El Niño". La Niña often alternates with El Niño, but it occurs less frequently than El Niño.

For example, since the 80s of the 20th century, there have only been 3 La Niñas, which is half the frequency of El Niño. When the equatorial Pacific trade winds continue to strengthen, the warm water on the surface of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean is blown away, supplemented by the deep cold water overturning, and the sea surface temperature further cools, thus forming La Niña. La Niña's impact on weather and climate is roughly the opposite of El Niño's, but its impact is less severe and powerful than El Niño's.

La Niña occurs when rainfall is heavier in Indonesia, eastern Australia, northeastern Brazil, India, and southern Africa, and is prone to drought in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean, Argentina, equatorial Africa, and southeastern United States. In La Niña years, China is prone to cold winters and hot summers, that is, the temperature in winter is lower than normal and the summer is high. In addition, the number of tropical cyclones that form and make landfall in the western Pacific and the South China Sea is higher than the average in La Niña years.

El Niño is scientifically used to represent anomalous warming of sea surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean thousands of kilometers off Peru and Ecuador. When this phenomenon occurs, the temperature of the sea can be 3.6 degrees Celsius higher than normal over a wide area. Rising water temperatures in vast expanses of the Pacific Ocean have altered the traditional equatorial currents and southeastern trade winds, leading to global climate anomalies.

La Niña, on the other hand, is the opposite.

In El Niño years, there are often warm winters and cool summers in China, especially in the northeast of China, due to the low summer temperature, the possibility of low temperature chilling injury is greater. La Niña years are prone to cold winters and hot summers in China.

El Niño generally refers to a climate phenomenon in which the interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere in the equatorial Pacific Ocean results in anomalous changes in sea surface temperature over several years. This phenomenon is dominated by widespread warm water currents and has a wide-ranging impact on the global climate.

Specifically, El Niño typically causes the following effects:

2.Impact of Tropical Storm Formation: El Niño can affect the tropical atmospheric circulation, which can have an impact on the formation and path of tropical storms around the world.

3.Rising global temperatures: El Niño causes higher sea surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, often accompanied by higher global temperatures.

4.Ecosystem impacts: El Niño can also lead to ecosystem changes, such as the impact on fishery resources, the transfer of wildlife habitats, and so on.

In conclusion, El Niño plays an important role in the global climate, and people need to pay close attention to its development and impact, as well as to warn of risks and take corresponding measures to minimize the adverse effects of climate change on us.

El Niño refers to a natural phenomenon in the tropical Pacific Ocean in which the temperature of the sea is abnormally high. Under normal conditions, the waters of the eastern tropical Pacific are warmer than those of the western Pacific Ocean, because the direct radiation of the sun causes the eastern waters to be heated. El Niño, on the other hand, alters this climate pattern, causing sea temperatures to rise in the western Pacific and cooler in the eastern Pacific.

This phenomenon can lead to global climate anomalies, such as extreme weather events such as floods or droughts.

As for whether this year will be the hottest year in history, more observations and academic research are needed before the group can draw a conclusion. Current data shows that despite the generally high temperatures this year, there are still some uncertainties. Therefore, we need to wait for more accurate climate data from relevant organizations to make more accurate data.