The evolution of ancient land, what kind of evolution process has China s ancient land system underg

Who manages land may have been at the heart of the system.

1. Tax mu at the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period: From the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the "land and decline levy" of the Qi State and the Lu State began to implement the "initial tax mu".

2. During the Warring States Qin and Han dynasties, the Shang Dynasty changed the law, the private ownership of landlord land was established, and aristocratic landlords, military landlords and merchant landlords appeared one after another.

2. The Wang Tian system (Wang Mang period), the land of the whole country was renamed "Wang Tian", which was owned by the state and free buying and selling was prohibited.

3. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: the Jiupin Zhongzheng system fully developed the land ownership system of the Shi clan gate lord landlord characterized by the economy of the big landlord's manor.

4. The tuntian system (Cao Wei period), a land system in which the state used coercive means to require soldiers or peasants to cultivate wasteland, produce military rations, or levy field rents.

5. The period of the five dynasties of the Sui and Tang dynasties. The landlord land ownership system of the gate lord clan was transformed into an economy characterized by a pure tenant relationship between the common landlords and landlords.

6. Equalization of land (Northern Wei Dynasty to the early Tang Dynasty) The equalization of land system is a land system in which the ownerless wasteland controlled by the state is allocated to landless or landless peasants for cultivation on the basis of not touching the original private land, and the peasants pay rent and taxes and serve in conscription and military service.

7. Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. The landlord land ownership system, characterized by a pure tenant system, was fully established.

The evolution of the agrarian system is as follows:

1. Slave Society:

Before the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the public ownership of land was the well field system, and the people paid tribute to the monarch, and the monarch used taxes to send troops to fight.

2. Feudal society:

1. Warring States: Establish private ownership of land, reward military merits, and promote the rise of emerging landlords.

2. Qin Dynasty: Establish private ownership of land, pay taxes (land rent) per mu, levy taxes according to household registration, and military service (military service and miscellaneous service).

3. Han Dynasty: Establish private ownership of land, pay rent tax per mu (less), pay according to per capita, and serve (heavy).

3. From the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Sui and Tang dynasties (Emperor Xiaowen's reform - 780):

The feudal land state ownership system, the system of equalizing the land with the burden of the people as the mainstay, the regulation of rent and Yong (Yong appeared in the Sui Dynasty, and the age limit was abolished in the Tang Dynasty to ensure the working hours of the peasants), and the government and military system. The Juntian system, the rent-yong modulation, and the government and military system are a trinity.

As a result of the private ownership of land, the landlords' desire to pursue land has increased, the landlords have carried out land annexation, and a large loss of state-owned land has resulted in the fait accompli of the landlords' private ownership.

Fourth, the Northern Song Dynasty Wang Anshi changed the law:

The conscription law was the inheritance and development of "yong", even for landlords and bureaucrats. The Fangtian Tax Law is the inheritance of the tax land under the two tax laws. These ensured the peasants' productive time and increased the state's fiscal revenue.

5. A whip method of Zhang Juzheng in the Ming Dynasty:

The conscription is combined, and the field endowment, conscription, and miscellaneous labor are apportioned on the acre, and the immediate service is attributed to the land, the land is measured, the mu is collected, and the silver is collected. It shows that the feudal state has greatly valued the land more than the population. The collection of silver confined to China meets the needs of the development of the commodity economy, and is conducive to the commercialization of agriculture and the emergence and development of capitalism.

Sixth, the Qing Dynasty's paving into acres:

On the basis of taking the number of people in the 50th year of Kangxi as a fixed number, Emperor Yongzheng implemented the method of "apportioning the ding into the mu", evenly apportioning the ding tax into the field endowment, collecting a unified land and silver, and completely solving the dual-track taxation form of combining the ding and the field.

To sum up, ancient people also experienced a relatively long period of time in the division of land, but the person who really established the system of private land was Shang Yang in the Warring States Period. With the change, the land was slowly transformed from private ownership to public ownership or even state ownership.

In the ancient Warring States Period, there was a tuntian system, that is, some officers and soldiers were allowed to divide the fields and farm the land in peacetime, and the people behind used this system, although they did not need to fight for the time being, but let them have their own plots of land and then pay rent.

In ancient times, people relied on the sub-feudal system to divide the land, and this sub-feudal system was produced in the Western Zhou Dynasty, that is, some fiefs were distributed to the princes and kings in need.

In ancient times, people divided the land according to population. It was the well field system pioneered by King Wu of Zhou, and part of the land was owned by the state.

In the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, land was allocated by the state, which was formed for a long time and no one created, and later it was private ownership of land, which was created by the Shang Dynasty during the reform of the law.