What are the main spheres of the Earth s exterior? What is the significance of the circles

The geosphere is divided into two parts: the outer and inner spheres of the earth. The Earth's outer sphere can be further divided into three fundamental spheres, the atmosphere.

Hydrosphere. Biosphere.

The internal structure of the earth refers to the layered structure of the earth's interior. According to the change in the propagation velocity of ** waves at different depths underground, the interior of the earth is generally divided into three concentric spheres: the core, the mantle and the crust.

The central layer is the core; In the middle is the mantle; The outer layer is the earth's crust. The crust and mantle are bounded by the Moho plane, and the mantle is bounded by the Gutenberg surface between the earth's core.

Crust. The earth's crust is the surface layer of the earth, and it is also the place where human beings live and engage in various production activities. The earth's crust is actually composed of many fractured blocks of different sizes, and its exterior is undulating, so the thickness of the earth's crust is not uniform

The average thickness of the earth's crust under the continent is about 35 kilometers, and the thickness of the earth's crust on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China is more than 65 kilometers. The thickness of the earth's crust under the ocean is only about 5 10 km; The average thickness of the Earth's crust is about 17 km, which is only a thin layer compared to the Earth's average radius of 6,371 km.

The upper layer of the earth's crust is a granite layer (magmatic rock), which is mainly composed of silicon-aluminum oxides; The underlying layer is a basalt layer (magmatic rock), composed mainly of silicon and magnesium oxides. It is theoretically believed that the temperature and pressure in the crust increase with depth, with every 100 m of depth1. Drilling results in recent years have shown that at depths of more than 3 km, the temperature increases for every 100 m to a depth of 200 km at a depth of 11 km.

The vast majority of known crustal rocks are less than 2 billion years old, even the oldest stones.

The rocks of Greenland, Denmark, are only 3.9 billion years old; Astronomers have verified that the earth is about 4.6 billion years old, which shows that the rocks in the earth's crust are not the original crust of the earth, but are later composed of materials from the earth's interior through volcanic activity and orogeny.

Mantle. Below the Earth's crust is the Earth's mesosphere, called the "mantle", which is about 2,865 kilometers thick and is mainly composed of dense rock-forming material, which is the largest and most massive layer in the Earth's interior.

The mantle can be divided into two layers, the upper mantle and the lower mantle. It is believed that there is an asthenosphere at the top of the upper mantle, which is presumed to be caused by the melting of rocks due to the concentration of radioactive elements, metamorphosis and exothermy, and may be the source of magma. The part of the mantle above the asthenosphere and the crust together form the lithosphere.

The temperature, pressure, and density of the lower mantle all increase, and the matter is a plastic solid.

Core. Below the mantle is the core, which has an average thickness of about 3,400 kilometers. The earth's core can also be divided into three layers: the outer core, the transition layer and the inner core, the thickness of the outer core is about 2080 kilometers, and the material is roughly liquid and can flow. The thickness of the transition layer is about 140 km; The inner core is a sphere with a radius of 1,250 kilometers, and the matter is probably solid, mainly composed of metallic elements such as iron and nickel.

The temperature and pressure of the Earth's core are very high, estimated at temperatures above 5,000, pressures of more than 100 million kilopascals, and densities of 13 grams per cubic centimeter.

Some scientists in the United States have experimentally calculated that the temperature at the junction between the mantle and the core is more than 3,500, the temperature at the junction between the outer core and the core is 6,300, and the core temperature is about 6,600.

The inner sphere is divided into the crust, mantle and core from the outside to the inside. The interface between the crust and the mantle is the Moho interface, and the interface between the mantle and the core is the Gutenberg interface.

1. Earth's crust. The earth's crust is the outermost layer of the earth's solid surface structure, with an average thickness of about 17 kilometers, of which the continental crust is larger, with an average thickness of about 39-41 kilometers. The crust is thicker in the mountains and plateaus, up to 70 km; Plains and basins have relatively thin crusts.

The oceanic crust is much thinner than the continental crust, only a few kilometers thick.

2. Moho noodles.

In 1910, Mohorovich proposed that the earth has an inner and outer layer. The inner and outer layers he refers to are what we call the mantle and crust. The interface between the Earth's crust and the mantle is also known as the Moholovich discontinuity (Moholovich surface).

On the Moho surface, the propagation velocity of the longitudinal and transverse waves of ** waves increases significantly, the elasticity and density gradually increase with depth, and the density and hardness of mantle materials are greater than those of the crust. The average chemical composition of the materials above this surface is similar to that of basalt, and the density is about; The average chemical composition of the following substances on this surface is similar to that of peridotite, and the density is about that. The temperature of the moho surface is 400-1000

3. Mantle. The mantle is between the Moho surface and the Gutenberg surface, with a thickness of more than 2800 km, and the average density is about the volume of the earth, and the mass of the mantle accounts for about the total mass of the earth, which greatly affects the total composition of the earth's material. The transverse variation of the mantle is relatively uniform, and according to the change of wave velocity in **, the 1000 km surge zone is used as the interface (Ray Poti surface), and two sub-layers of the upper mantle and the lower mantle are further divided.

4. Gutenberg interface.

Gutenberg Interface, aka Gutenberg Interface. It is divided according to the change of wave velocity and is the interface between the mantle and the core. In addition to a significant change in wave velocity at a depth of about 33 km in the Earth's interior (here called the Moho interface, which is the boundary between the earth's crust and mantle), at a depth of about 2900 km, the wave propagation state also changes significantly, which is called the Gutenberg interface.

The mantle is located between the Moho interface and the Gutenberg interface.

Since the outer core of the Earth is liquid, the ** wave in the mantle (the S wave is a transverse wave, and the transverse wave can only propagate in solids) cannot travel through this interface in the outer core. The velocity of the p-wave (longitudinal wave) curve also decreases sharply at this interface.

5. The Earth's core. The Earth's core is the core part of the Earth and is located in the innermost part of the Earth. The radius is about 3470 km, mainly composed of iron and nickel elements, and the density is high, and the average density of the earth's core material is about grams per cubic centimeter.

The temperature is very high, there are 4000 to 6800.

The earth is made up of two parts: the outer sphere and the inner sphere.

The outer sphere includes the biosphere, the atmosphere, and the hydrosphere: the Earth's biosphere covers the lower layers of the atmosphere, all of the hydrosphere, and the upper layers of the lithosphere; The atmosphere mainly includes the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and fugitive layer; The hydrosphere covers 71% of the Earth's surface (seawater, freshwater).

The inner sphere includes three parts: the crust, the mantle and the core: the crust is the outermost layer of the inner sphere, which is composed of weathered soil and hard rock, so the crust can also be called the lithosphere, accounting for the volume of the earth; The area that extends from the Guhs discontinuity at a depth of about 2,900 km to a depth of about 33 km on the Mohs surface at a depth of about 2,900 km around the Earth's core is called the mantle. The Earth's core is located within the Palaeolian discontinuity, which is divided into two parts by the Kaminari discontinuity: the inner core with a radius of about 1250 km, and the liquid outer core that extends from the outer core to about 3500 km from the center of the earth.

The outermost layer is called the atmosphere.

The atmosphere, also known as the atmosphere, is a layer of mixed gas that surrounds the earth due to gravity, and is the outermost gasosphere of the earth, surrounding the ocean and land, and the atmosphere has no exact upper bound.

At an altitude of 2,000 to 16,000 kilometres above the earth's surface, there are still thin gases and elementary particles, and in the ground, in the soil and in some rocks, there are also small amounts of gases, which can also be considered as a component of the atmosphere, and the main components of the Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide and trace gases in a ratio of less than 0 04, and these mixtures of gases are called air.

There are 4 spheres around the Earth, the outermost layer called the atmosphere.

The geosphere is divided into two parts: the outer and inner spheres of the earth. The Earth's outer sphere can be further divided into four fundamental layers, namely the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere. The Earth's inner sphere can be further divided into three fundamental spheres, namely the mantle sphere, the outer nuclear liquid sphere, and the solid inner core.

In terms of surface strata, it is the lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere. The atmosphere is the outermost layer.

The atmosphere is divided into the stratosphere (within about 12 km), the troposphere (12-50 km), the mesosphere (50-80 km), and the warming layer (80-500 km). There is an escape layer beyond the warming layer, and there is no upper limit. The escape or warming layer is often referred to as the outermost layer of the atmosphere.

There are 4 spheres around the Earth, the outermost layer called the atmosphere. The geosphere is divided into two parts: the outer and inner spheres of the earth. The Earth's outer sphere can be further divided into four fundamental layers, namely the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere. The Earth's inner sphere can be further divided into three fundamental spheres, namely the mantle sphere, the outer nuclear liquid sphere, and the solid inner core.

In addition, there is an asthenosphere between the outer and inner spheres of the Earth, which is a transition layer between the outer and inner spheres of the Earth, located at an average depth of about 150 kilometers below the surface. In this way, the entire Earth consists of a total of eight spheres, in which the lithosphere, asthenosphere and inner sphere together constitute the so-called solid Earth. The atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere in the Earth's outer sphere, as well as the surface of the lithosphere, are generally studied by direct observation and measurement.

The inner circle of the earth is mainly studied by geophysical methods, such as the inversion of high-precision modern space geodetic technology observations, such as gravity, gravity mechanics and high-precision modern space geodetic technology observations.

The Earth's outer sphere can be divided into three basic layers, namely the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

1.Atmosphere: The Earth is surrounded by this thick layer of atmosphere.

The composition of the atmosphere is mainly nitrogen, which accounts for; Oxygen occupies; argon occupies; There are also small amounts of carbon dioxide, noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon) and water vapor. The density of air in the atmosphere decreases with altitude, and the higher the air, the thinner it becomes. The thickness of the atmosphere is about 1,000 kilometers or more, but there are no clear boundaries.

The whole atmosphere exhibits different characteristics with different altitudes, and is divided into troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and fugitive layer.

2.Hydrosphere: It is the most active sphere in the Earth's outer sphere, and it is also a continuous and irregular sphere.

Its interaction with the atmosphere, biosphere and Earth's inner sphere is directly related to the evolution of surface systems that affect human activities. The hydrosphere is also the main medium of exodynamic geological processes and plays the most important role in shaping the earth's surface. It refers to the various forms of water present in the surface of the earth's crust, on the surface, and in the atmosphere surrounding the earth, including liquid, gaseous, and solid water.

The total amount of water on Earth is about 1,360,000, 000 cubic kilometers. The ocean occupies 1,320,000,000 cubic kilometers (the Earth's water exists in the air, on the surface and underground in gaseous, liquid and solid forms, and these waters are constantly moving and interconnected, forming the hydrosphere in a water cycle. It is the most active layer in the Earth's outer sphere.

3.Biosphere: The biosphere refers to the integrated whole of all ecosystems on Earth, and is an outer sphere of the Earth, which covers about 10 kilometers vertically above and below sea level.

It includes air, land, lithosphere, and water on Earth where life exists and is changed and transformed by life processes. In the broad sense of geology, the biosphere is a global ecosystem that unites all living things and the relationships between them, including their interactions with the lithosphere, hydrosphere and air. The biosphere is a closed and self-regulating system.

Earth is the only known place in the entire universe where living beings live.

Physical geography - the sphere structure of the earth.

The outermost layer is called the atmosphere.

The layer of gas mixture that surrounds the earth due to gravity is the outermost gasosphere of the earth, surrounding the ocean and land, the atmosphere has no exact upper bound, and there are still thin gases and elementary particles at an altitude of 2,000 to 16,000 kilometers above the earth's surface.

Underground, there are also small amounts of gases in the soil and some rocks, which can also be considered a component of the atmosphere, and the main components of the Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxide.

and less than proportional trace gases.

Physical geography - the sphere structure of the earth.

There are 4 spheres around the earth, the outermost layer is called the atmosphere, and the inner layer is the hydrosphere, the soil lithosphere, and the biosphere.