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The origin of life is divided into four stages (Miller experiment).

The first stage, the stage of generating organic small molecules from inorganic molecules, that is, the chemical evolution process of the origin of life, was carried out under primitive terrestrial conditions, a process that has already been described in textbooks and will not be repeated here. It is important to note Miller's simulations. In this experiment, a flask containing an aqueous solution represents the primordial ocean, and its upper spherical space contains a "reducing atmosphere" of hydrogen, ammonia, methane, and water vapor.

Miller first heated the flask to circulate the water vapor in the tube, and then he discharged through two electrodes to generate an electric spark that simulated the lightning of the primordial sky to stimulate the chemical reaction of the different gases in the sealing device, and the condenser tube connected at the bottom of the spherical space cooled the reaction products and water vapor to form a liquid, which flowed back to the flask at the bottom, simulating the process of rainfall. After a week of continuous experimentation and cycling. When Miller analyzed its chemical composition, it found that it contained a variety of new organic compounds, including 5 amino acids and different organic acids, while also forming cyanogenic acid, which can synthesize adenine, which is the basic unit of nucleotides.

Miller's experiments tried to prove that the first step in the origin of life, the formation of organic small molecules from inorganic small molecules, was entirely possible under the conditions of the primitive earth.

In the second stage, biological macromolecules are generated from small organic molecules. This process occurs in the primordial ocean, that is, amino acids, nucleotides and other small organic molecules, after long-term accumulation, interaction, under appropriate conditions (such as the adsorption of clay), through condensation or polymerization to form primitive protein molecules and nucleic acid molecules.

In the third stage, a multimolecular system is formed from biological macromolecules. How did this process come about? The former Soviet scholar Obalin proposed the agglomeration hypothesis, and he experimentally showed that when proteins, peptides, nucleic acids and polysaccharides are placed in a suitable solution, they can automatically concentrate and aggregate into dispersed spherical droplets, which are aggregates.

Obarin et al. believe that aggregates can exhibit life phenomena such as synthesis, decomposition, growth, and reproduction. For example, aggregates have boundaries similar to those of membranes, and their internal chemical characteristics are significantly different from those of the external solution environment. The agglomerate can inhale certain molecules from the external solution as reactants, and can also undergo specific biochemical reactions under the catalysis of enzymes, and the products of the reaction can also be released from the agglomerates.

In addition, some scholars have also put forward other hypotheses, such as microspheres and lipid spheres, to explain the process of forming multimolecular systems of organic polymers.

In the fourth stage, the organic multimolecular system evolved into primitive life (single-celled organisms, including bacteria, cyanobacteria and other organisms). This stage was formed in the primordial ocean and is the most complex and decisive stage in the process of the origin of life. At present, it is not possible to verify this process in the laboratory.

Any life is produced by a single cell.