The difference between the economic grange management mode and the tenant relationship in ancient Ch

The operation of the grange began in the Han Dynasty; Tenant type of operation.

It began in the Song Dynasty and developed in the Ming and Qing dynasties;

The grange style of business is a type of employment relationship.

Workers do not have control over the produce of the land, so they lack incentives to increase productivity; The leasing relationship is a form of agreement cooperation, and the two parties take what they need, so there is an incentive to improve productivity.

These two production methods.

All have their different birth backgrounds, that is, the preparation stage of capital and the political governance system;

The differences between the economic grange management mode and the tenant relationship in ancient China are as follows:

1.Mode of operation: The grange style of operation is to build the landlord's own land into a grange and then hire farmers to plant it, rather than renting the land to others. On the other hand, tenant management is the lease of land to others, and the tenant farmer rents the landlord's land and pays rent to the landlord.

2.Personal freedom: In the grange business, although the peasants worked for the landlord, their personal freedom was limited, such as they could not leave the grange at will, and they could be enslaved.

In general, the difference between the ancient Chinese economic grange management mode and the tenant-tenant relationship is mainly reflected in the mode of operation and personal freedom.

Grange management: At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, powerful landlords had already exploited farmers in the form of granges. After the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to the prevalence of feudal large land ownership, the rapid development of land annexation and the war in the late Western Han Dynasty, the powerful landlords established one feudal landlord grange after another.

The grange is a form of production organization for the production and operation of the landlord class and landlords in the Han Dynasty.

The interior of the grange is a self-sufficient natural economy, so it is called the grange economy. The grange economy is based on large land ownership (that is, a system in which landlords, lords or nobles control large amounts of land and exploit the peasants in this way), and uses labor rent or rent in kind as a way to exploit the working people, and has a strict production management system. It is an economic entity that can produce and live self-sufficiently.

The mode of operation in ancient China: before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was collective farming, and after the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the agricultural farming mode was individual farming, forming a self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy; After the Song Dynasty, the tenant-tenant relationship became universal, and it became the main mode of operation of agriculture in ancient China along with the yeoman peasant economy.

Characteristics of the ancient Chinese mode of operation: mainly planting, supplemented by animal husbandry and cottage industry, by changing the means of production to increase production.

Difference: The grange style is that the landlord builds his land into a grange and calls the farmers to plant it; Tenant is the type of renting out land to others and collecting rent.

When the grange was operated, only the ancient large landowners used their own land to form the grange, and the farmers cultivated it. The landlords are self-reliant. The operation of the grange began in the Han Dynasty, and the tenant management method began in the Song Dynasty and developed in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Rent out the land to others for cultivation and collect rent. To a certain extent, tenant management has aroused the peasants' enthusiasm for production and promoted the germination of capitalism.

The grange management is a bit like the Western farmer, that is, the landlord is highly concentrated, self-sufficient, annexing land, which is a kind of harm to the state's rule of taxation

Difference Between Homesteaders Economy and Tenant Farmer Economy:

Homesteaders: Farmers who are engaged in individual agricultural labor combining farming and weaving on the basis of private ownership of small plots of land, with a single family as the economic unit. It is the main bearer of taxes and forced labor in China's feudal society.

Because they are small individual producers, their economic position is extremely precarious and polarized is extremely significant.

Tenant farmer: A peasant who rents the landlord's land under the feudal landlord economy. In China, in different periods, there are also titles such as Tianke, tenant, landlord, Zhuang household, and tenant.

The land ownership system in which they live is different, and their farming patterns are also different. The main thing is that you have to understand the difference between yeoman farmers and tenant farmers, and the specific social context in which they live. During the Warring States period, tenant farmers who were dependent on each other appeared.

The basic management methods of agriculture in ancient China:

1.Primitive society and slash-and-burn cultivation and stone tool hoeing in the Shang and Zhou dynasties.

2.The small-scale peasant economy of men and women weaving. Characteristics: Male ploughing and female weaving, self-sufficient.

3.Private ownership of landlord land.

4.Agriculture and cottage industry combined.

First, about ancient agriculture. The early agricultural production methods went through three stages of development, from slash-and-burn farming, stone tool hoeing (rakeing) to iron plough and ox farming. In line with this, farming methods have undergone a change from collective labor to individual production.

The land system went through three stages of development: primitive clan commune land ownership, state-owned land ownership, and private land ownership. The smallholder economy was the basic mode of agricultural production in ancient China, and intensive farming was the main feature of traditional Chinese agriculture. Second, about ancient handicrafts.

During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the handicraft industry was monopolized by the government. In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with the privatization of land and the formation of a small-scale peasant economy, the monopoly of the government was broken, and a situation of coexistence of the government-run handicraft industry with strong strength and exquisite products and the non-governmental handicraft industry to meet the needs of the broad masses of the people was formed. Folk handicrafts include private handicrafts and cottage industries.

Ancient Chinese handicrafts have a long history, superb technology and exquisite craftsmanship, and have long been in the forefront of the world. Thirdly, about ancient commerce. During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, commerce was also controlled by the government.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with the development of agriculture and handicrafts, private merchants rose rapidly, thus promoting the development of commerce. However, under the policy of "emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce", ancient commerce developed in difficulty. During the Song and Yuan dynasties, commerce developed unprecedentedly, and in the Ming and Qing dynasties, commerce developed to a new height.

Foreign affairs have always been an important aspect of ancient Chinese commerce, constantly developing and prospering. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, although the foreign government suppressed and its development was seriously hindered, it still occupied an important position in the international system. Fourth, on ancient economic policies.

The textbook mainly deals with three aspects. First, land annexation with the privatization of land seriously affected agricultural development and political stability, and some dynasties in ancient times formulated policies to curb land annexation, but it was not enough to solve the problem of land annexation. Second, the policy of "emphasizing agriculture and suppressing business" has been followed by the past dynasties, and this policy has its objective background in ancient history, but the negative impact on the development of the commodity economy and social progress is very prominent.

Third, after the Ming and Qing dynasties, the policy of "banning the sea" and "closing the country to the outside world" seriously hindered the development of budding capitalism and caused China to lag behind the world.

The grange is formed and developed by the landlord by relying on the political privilege to acquire or annex the land of the peasants, and the tenant has a strong personal dependence with the farmer.

Tenants are subject to military obligations and become "tribals".

The Grange economy is self-sufficient.

In China's feudal society, landlords leased land to peasants, thereby exploiting and enslaving peasants. It is a form of feudal production relations that has emerged with the feudal mode of production since the Warring States period.

This system lasted for more than 2,000 years from the Warring States period to the Ming and Qing dynasties, and continued to develop and change in the past 2,000 years. The personal attachment of the tenants was strongest at the time of servitude and rent, and then gradually eased.

The Northern Song Dynasty promulgated the "Huangguanzhuang Customer Escape Law", which stipulates that only the customer himself can be enslaved, and his family members cannot be enslaved; Those who cannot be forced to sell land and owe debts are customers; After the death of the customer, the wife is allowed to remarry, and the customer is allowed to marry the daughter by himself. This is an express provision for the weakening of the dependency of tenants.

Looking at the tenant relationship in China in the past dynasties, in terms of the form of land rent, the rent in kind was relatively common in the early days, and there may be a considerable proportion of labor rent, such as the "division of land" during the Warring States period and the "thousands of servitude envoys" of Ningcheng in the Han Dynasty. During the Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang dynasties, the rent in kind increased. In the Tang Dynasty tenant contract, monetary rent also appeared.

The first superiority that affects the tenant system is that the relatively primitive form of labor rent has been avoided in China, and the product rent, which is more advanced than labor rent, has been dominant from the very beginning of feudal society. On the occasion of the introduction of land rent for products, the peasants will have a higher state of culture, and the "labor of the direct producers, and society as a whole, will be at a higher stage of development."