How does a waterproof and breathable umbrella work?

Principle: Microporous moisture permeability mechanism. The material pores are smaller than water molecules.

larger than the air molecule. Water molecules can't get in, but air can. Common waterproof and breathable principles: natural pore diffusion mechanism, microporous moisture permeability mechanism, polymer intermolecular "pores" and hydrophilic group moisture permeability mechanism, polymer temperature sensitivity change moisture permeability.

Discharge cooling is another type of convection cooling. Unlike regenerative cooling, the coolant used for exhaust cooling absorbs heat to the thrust chamber and is discharged out of the combustion chamber instead of entering the combustion chamber to participate in combustion. Direct drain coolant reduces the thrust chamber specific impulse, so the coolant flow for drain cooling needs to be minimized while only using drain cooling at the outlet section of the nozzle that is relatively less heated.

There is also radiative cooling, in which the heat flow is transferred from the combustion products to the thrust chamber, and then the heat is radiated by the thrust chamber wall to the surrounding space. Radiative cooling is characterized by simplicity and small structural mass. It is mainly used in the extension section of large nozzles and the thrust chamber of small thrust engines using high-temperature resistant materials.

When cooling in the thrust chamber of the tissue, a relatively low temperature liquid or gas protective layer is established on the surface of the thrust chamber wall to reduce the heat flow to the thrust chamber wall, reduce the wall temperature, and achieve cooling. Internal cooling is mainly divided into three methods: internal cooling (shield cooling), membrane cooling and diaphoretic cooling of head tissues. After the internal cooling measures are adopted in the thrust chamber, the mixing ratio near the wall of the combustion chamber is different from the optimal mixing ratio in the central area (in most cases, the near-wall layer rich in fuel is used) due to the need to reduce the temperature of the protective layer, resulting in the uneven distribution of the mixing ratio along the cross-section of the combustion chamber, so that the combustion efficiency is reduced to a certain extent.

Membrane cooling is similar to shield cooling in that it cools the thrust chamber wall by establishing a uniform and stable coolant film or air film protective layer near the inner wall surface, except that the coolant used to establish the protective layer is not injected by the injector, but is supplied through a special cooling belt. The cooling band is generally arranged in a cross-section of the combustion chamber or the convergence section of the nozzle. There can be several cooling bands along the length of the combustion chamber.

In order to improve the stability of the membrane, the coolant often flows through the gaps or small holes in the cooling belts, and when sweating is used, the thrust chamber wall or part of the inner wall is made of porous material with a pore diameter of tens of microns. Porous materials are usually sintered with metal powders or pressed with metal mesh. In this case, the number of pores per unit area is increased by making the micropores in the material as evenly distributed as possible.

The liquid coolant penetrates into the inner wall, creating a protective film that reduces the density of the heat transferred to the wall. When the flow rate of liquid coolant used for sweat cooling is above a certain threshold, a liquid film is formed near the wall of the thrust chamber. When the coolant flow rate is below the critical flow, the inner wall temperature will be higher than the coolant boiling point at the current pressure, and some or all of the coolant will evaporate, forming an air film.

In addition to the above thermal protection, there are other thermal protection methods such as: ablation cooling, thermal insulation cooling, hot melt cooling and composite protection of chamber walls. 3. Thermal protection scheme of high enthalpy gas generator Based on the above methods and the actual situation, the thermal protection method of high enthalpy gas generator is obtained.

The combustion chamber of a high-enthalpy gas generator differs from that of a liquid rocket engine, eliminating the front thrust chamber part, making its structure simpler and more effective. Then, the thermal protection involved is the thermal protection part of the combustion chamber wall. As the fuel enters the combustion chamber, it quickly decomposes and releases large quantities.

Sun umbrella and umbrella, the difference between their two materials is mainly that the sun umbrella is mainly to prevent direct exposure to the sun, and has high requirements for light permeability, and the umbrella is mainly to avoid rain, and has high requirements for the waterproofness of the material.

Umbrellas will use impermeable and lightweight materials, and the main material for making sun umbrellas is to see whether the performance of blocking sunlight penetration

The umbrella is mainly considered waterproof line, and the umbrella is mainly anti-ultraviolet, the material is fine, but the umbrella frame of the umbrella will be relatively light, to achieve a special umbrella, pay attention to the maintenance of the umbrella, can not withstand the rain, the function of anti-ultraviolet rays will be weakened after the rain.

To enhance the waterproof effect of the umbrella, the umbrella surface can choose a fabric that is not soaked in water, which can reduce the adhesion of water on the umbrella surface;

And the rain can't pass through the cloth umbrella, Bibuchai is because of the tension on the surface of the liquid;

Therefore, the answer is: no infiltration; Surface tension.