Start with Copernican theory to explain why the earth is not the center of the universe.

Because at that time, people thought that all celestial bodies revolved around the earth, but Galileo discovered that Jupiter had moons.

Copernicus's "heliocentric theory" effectively broke the "geocentric theory" that had long been the dominant religion and brought about a fundamental change in astronomy.

The heliocentric view is:

1. The earth is spherical. If a light source is placed on the top of the ship's mast, people on the shore will see the light gradually decrease until it disappears as the ship moves away from the shore.

2. The earth is moving and rotates once every 24 hours. Because the sky is much larger than the earth, it is inconceivable that the infinite heavenly dome is rotating and the earth is not moving.

3. The sun is motionless, and in the center of the universe, the earth and other planets move in a circle around the sun, and only the moon orbits the earth.

Copernicus carefully studied the theory proposed by Galileo. Applying it to astrophysics, it eventually turned out that the Earth is not the center of the solar system.

Copernicus proposed heliocentrism, also known as geocentrism, which is the opposite of geocentrism about the motion of celestial bodies, and it holds that the sun is the center of the universe, not the earth. Because the sky is round. So he began to question geocentrism, and he also carefully studied the theory proposed by Galileo.

Because the sky is round. So he began to question geocentrism. And based on his long research, he also deduced the theory that the sun is the center.

Copernicus was a well-known scientist, and Copernicus's heliocentric theory is now a generally accepted concept. It laid the foundation for mankind's understanding of the universe.

Copernicus carefully studied the practice proposed by Galileo. Using it in astrophysics, it eventually turned out that the Earth is not in the middle of the solar system.

Answer]: The "heliocentric theory" proposed by Copernicus has the power to break the "geocentric theory" of Naming nucleus, which has long been in the dominant position of religion, and has brought about a fundamental change in astronomy and liberated the natural sciences from theology.

Heliocentrism, also known as geocentrism, is a theory of the movement of celestial bodies in opposition to geocentrism, which holds that the sun is the center of the Milky Way, not the Earth. Heliocentrism, also known as geocentrism, is a theory of the movement of celestial bodies in opposition to geocentrism, which holds that the sun is the center of the Milky Way, not the Earth.

Geocentrism was first proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Eudox, and was gradually established and perfected by Aristotle and Ptolemy. Ptolemy believed that the Earth was stationary at the center of the universe. From the Earth outward, there are the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, which orbit the Earth in their respective orbits.

Among them, the motion of the planets is more complex than that of the Sun and the Moon: the planets move on the current wheel, which in turn orbits the earth along the average wheel. Beyond the Sun, Moon, and Planets, there is a celestial sphere stellar sky inlaid with all the stars.

Outside, there is the prime mover that moves the celestial bodies. Geocentrism is the world's first model of a planetary system. Although it is wrong to regard the Earth as the center of the universe, its historical merits should not be erased.

In 1499, Copernicus graduated from the University of Bologna in Italy as a Catholic priest. He returned to Poland to work with his uncle. His uncle, Vartsnrod, made the bishop of the Catholic Cathedral of Fort Flang.

Copernicus lived on the top floor of the church at that time, so he could make astronomical observations for a long time.

At that time, people believed in the cosmic model created by the Greek scientist Ptolemy more than 1,500 years ago. Ptolemy believed that the Earth was the center of the universe and that the sun, moon, planets, and stars all moved around the Earth, and that the stars were far away from the Earth and outside the giant sphere of space. However, upon closer inspection, scientists found that the laws of planetary motion did not coincide with Ptolemy's cosmic model.

Some scientists revised Ptolemy's theory of cosmic orbits by adding more orbits to their original orbits (or orbits of small bodies). This model states that each planet orbits in a circle along a small orbit, which in turn orbits the Earth in a circle along the planet's larger orbit. Hundreds of years later, the loopholes in this model are becoming more and more apparent.

Scientists have added many more orbits to this model, and the planets move in a circular motion along one orbit after another.

Copernicus wanted to improve Ptolemy's measurements with "modern" (16th-century) techniques with a view to eliminating some small tracks.

For nearly 20 years, Copernicus worked tirelessly day and night to measure the positions of the planets, but the results were still not much different from Ptolemy's patterns of celestial movements.

Copernicus wondered what it would be like to observe the fortunes of these planets on another planet. Based on this assumption, Copernicus came up with the idea: if the Earth was in motion, what would the planets look like?

The idea became clear in his mind.

During the year, Copernicus observed the planets from Earth at different times and at different distances, and the situation of each planet was different, which was the reason why he realized that the Earth could not be at the center of the orbit of the stars.

After 20 years of observation, Copernicus found that only the annual change of the sun was not significant. This means that the distance between the Earth and the Sun has never changed. If the earth is not the center of the universe, then the center of the universe is the sun.

It immediately occurred to him that if the sun was placed at the center of the universe, then the earth should revolve around the sun.

This allows him to cancel all the small circle orbit patterns and directly make all the known planets move in a circular motion around the sun.

However, will people accept the new cosmic model proposed by Copernicus? Do people all over the world, especially the powerful Catholic Church, believe that the earth is the center of the universe?

Fearing punishment from the Church, Copernicus did not dare to make his discoveries public while he was alive. The discovery was made public in 1543. Even at that time, Copernicus's discoveries were constantly treated with contempt and ridicule from churches, universities, and other institutions, as well as astronomers.

Finally, 60 years later, Johann Kepler and Galileo Galilei proved Copernicus right.

Summary. Hello, happy with your question.

Copernicus was a famous Polish astronomer and the founder of the "heliocentric theory". In the 29 years of Copernicus's Theory of the Movement of the Heavenly Bodies, he experienced three difficulties.

The first difficulty is the lack of understanding among the public. In the eyes of the public at that time, the earth was the center of the universe, and Copernicus's theory of the movement of celestial bodies broke the public's understanding of the universe, and the public did not fully trust Copernicus's theory.

The second difficulty is to break the earth-centered theory deduced by previous scientists. The "Earth-Centered Theory" was put forward by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, and later deduced and proved by the Roman astronomer Ptolemy, and has since become the "truth".

The third difficulty was not tolerated by the clergy at that time.

Copernicus knew that he would be severely punished by the Church for publishing the "Sun-Centered Theory" as a clergyman, so he hesitated for a long time. It was not until he was 69 years old that Copernicus agreed to publish his Theory of the Motions of the Heavenly Bodies. When he got the book, he had been paralyzed in bed for more than a year, and he only touched the cover of the book and closed his eyes with relief.

What difficulties Copernicus's "Theory of the Movement of the Heavenly Bodies" experienced in the 29 years?

Hello, happy with your question.

Copernicus was a famous Polish astronomer and the founder of the "heliocentric theory". In the 29 years of Copernicus's Theory of the Movement of the Heavenly Bodies, he experienced three difficulties.

The first difficulty is the lack of understanding among the public. In the eyes of the public at that time, the earth was the heart of the universe, and Copernicus's theory of celestial movement broke the public's understanding of the universe.

The second difficulty is to break with the theory that scientists have deduced from the past that the earth is scattered and centered. The "Earth-Centered Theory" was put forward by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, and later the Roman astronomer Ptolemy deduced and demonstrated it, and since then it has become the "true dust theory".

The third difficulty was not tolerated by the clergy at that time.

Copernicus knew that Jian Chan was in turmoil, and he published the "Sun-centered Theory" as a priest, and he was bound to be severely punished by the Church, so he hesitated for a long time. It was not until he was 69 years old that Copernicus agreed to publish his Treatise on the Motions of the Heavenly Bodies. When he got the book, he had been paralyzed in bed for more than a year, and he only touched the cover of the book and closed his eyes with relief.

On May 24, 1543, the newly printed book "On the Motions of the Heavenly Bodies" was sent to Copernicus, who had been bedridden for a long time due to a stroke, and Copernicus touched the book with a trembling hand, which had embodyed his life's work, and died an hour later. It was the publication of this book that triggered the vigorous modern scientific revolution.

Before Copernicus's doctrine was founded, it was Ptolemy's geocentric theory that firmly dominated astronomy. According to this doctrine, the earth is in the universe, and other suns, moons, and stars revolve around the earth. Geocentrism is combined with religious theology to form a cosmic system centered on geocentrism.

Although the geocentric theory is consistent with people's intuitive experience, it has encountered great difficulties in explaining the motion of the planets, especially the superposition of the current wheel and the average wheel to explain the motion of the planets, which has made the geocentric system extremely cumbersome and complex, and a new theory is needed to replace it. It was in this context that Copernicus proposed the revolutionary theory of heliocentrism in his book The Movement of the Heavenly Bodies.

In heliocentrism, Copernicus proposed the concept of the Earth's rotation and revolution. The Sunday rotation of the entire starry sky is actually caused by the Earth's rotation; The annual apparent motion of the Sun is caused by the Earth's revolution around the Sun. The more important elements of Copernicus's heliocentric system are:

It replaced the Earth's cosmic centrality with the Sun, a change that brought unity to the movement of the planets.

It should be noted that Copernicus's heliocentric theory had many scientific difficulties, such as insufficient precision, the disparity of the prophecy was not obtained, etc. However, the significance of Copernicus's work is not only in the formulation of a scientific theory, but more importantly, in the fact that this theory has achieved a fundamental transformation of the picture of the universe and brought about a major change in people's thinking and concepts. With the widespread spread and increasing acceptance of heliocentrism, it has led to major advances in various fields of modern science.

Therefore, it is profound to call the modern scientific revolution the "Copernican revolution".

c. Question Analysis: This question examines the common role of modern natural sciences. According to what has been learned, Copernicus's heliocentrism against the geocentrism preached by the Catholic Church, and Darwin's biological evolution theory against the Church's theory of God's creation of man, all of which provide a new perspective on the world.

Copernicus's heliocentric theory is an achievement in the field of astronomy and has nothing to do with people; The publication of Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy in 1687 marked the formation of a modern scientific system, which had already been formed when On the Origin of Species was published in 1859. The ideas of the Enlightenment of the 17th and 18th centuries laid the ideological foundation of the bourgeois revolution. So the answer is C.