How is power generated? Where does power come from?

The formation of public power and its connotations.

Power is a common phenomenon in human society. In general, the power of society is a system that mainly includes private power (eg.

personal power, property power) and public power. The so-called public power is the power used to handle social and public affairs.

How is public power formed? There has been a debate on this issue. According to Marxism, public power is the power of the clan and has evolved through its alienated form, the state. This process of generation and evolution is:

In the early days of human development, people had to live in groups for the needs of production and reproduction, thus forming clans, that is, a definite social organization formed by people of the same blood relationship based on the need to work together. In this way, in order to coordinate the interests of the members of the clan, arrange the life and production within the clan, maintain ethical kinship relations and defend against foreign invasions, the clan established the public institutions of the clan to deal with the above-mentioned affairs, and the public power that aimed at dealing with the public affairs of the clan and transcended the power of the family (patriarchy, maternality) was created. There are three characteristics of this clan public power::

First, the public power of the clan is shared by all clan members, and major affairs of the clan are decided by the clan assembly; Second, the clan leader has the right to manage the specific affairs of the clan, but the power of the leader is granted by the clan assembly; The third is that the obedience of the members of the clan to the public authority of the clan is voluntary, and the so-called "no soldiers, gendarmes and policemen, no nobles, kings, governors, magistrates and judges, no prisons, no lawsuits, and everything is in order." ”②

Human society has evolved to the end of primitive society, with the emergence of private property and classes, the class struggle around private rights and public rights has become increasingly acute and complex, with the privatization of clan public property, clan leaders and aristocratic classes who own a large number of means of production and social wealth by virtue of their specific status have gradually privatized public power. The state developed on the basis of the clan, and the clan administration was formed.

Interests determine power, and power begets power.

1.Rights are the product of civilization, and ability depends on how much you can occupy, and rights depend on how much others and other people in society are willing to give you.

Rights come from human experience, especially painful lessons, from long-term games between people, and from the design of systems.

2.Property rights are the right to choose between the multiple uses of an economic good through social compulsion.

The exercise of political power also requires the use of economic resources.

There is no absolute property right in the world, and not all functions of fruit knives can be used.

3.Rights are not equal to welfare, they are not natural.

Property rights protect the physical properties of an asset, not its economic value.

Two important drivers of the rise of property rights: externalities, the need for coordination between strangers due to the accumulation of transportation costs.

4.There are three basic methods of property rights protection:

1.Property principle: If a person wants to strip someone else's ownership, he has only one way, which is to pay the original owner of the ownership until the original owner is willing to give it up. ** The detachment's property rights intervene once, that is, to confirm the rights.

2.Principle of liability: one party infringes on the other party, and compensation needs to be made, but the transaction cost is too high, and the amount of compensation is not determined by the original owner of Li Mengdou, but by a third party.

3.Non-transferable principle: The owner is prohibited from selling the assets he owns to others. For example, the ban on the sale of organs.

5.Why punish criminals? He hurt someone else, he changed the rules.

6.Private vs. public goods.

Personal items: goods that one person can use, others can't, such as an egg.

Public goods: goods that are used by one person and do not affect the use of others, such as a song.

Whether there is competition or not, whether a person can use others or not is the key to distinguishing between private goods and public goods.

Exclusivity: Whether the owner can easily exclude other users.

With the collective comes power, and power is inseparable from people. In order to better survive and develop, human beings must effectively establish various forms of social relations and carry out various kinds of division of labor and cooperation, which are usually embodied in corresponding social organizations or social groups (referred to as collectives for short). On the one hand, people will continue to invest certain value resources in these collectives, and on the other hand, they will obtain certain value benefits from these collectives.

Under normal circumstances, in a general collective, the value resources invested by people are not jointly controlled by all people, and the value benefits produced are not jointly distributed by all people, but by one person (i.e., the leader) or several people (i.e., the leader of the collective) in accordance with the corresponding laws, systems, rules or ethics, and the basic will or interests of the fundamental collective. In order to make full use of the various value resources of the collective, so that the collective public value resources can fully represent the will of the collective or the interests and values of the collective, so as to produce the greatest value growth rate, it is necessary to elect some people with strong leadership ability, good moral character, and strong interest correlation (a large number of shares) to support and match these public value resources, and give the corresponding share of value resources the qualification to control the share, which is power. From this gives the essence of power.

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Analysis: Power is the ability to influence, dominate, control and control others, and power is more than rights. There are only two forms of acquisition of power, either granting or grabbing, the power granted is a legitimate power and the seized power is an illegal power.

To restrain power, from a technical level, it is the separation of powers, including vertical decentralization (** and decentralization) and horizontal decentralization (* division of powers within departments, such as the separation of powers within the legislative, executive and judicial powers), as well as checks and balances of power, and the use of power to restrain power; In essence, it is to use rights to constrain power, and power must serve rights, and cannot be used to disturb and infringe rights.

In order to check power, it is necessary to fix the above-mentioned system through constitutional means, so that those who exercise power cannot change it, and to ensure the complete independence of the judiciary, and at the same time to give the people various channels to put forward their own demands and protect their own interests.

From ancient times to the present, Chinese and foreign scholars have different opinions on the definition of the connotation of power.

What is Power? Max Weber defined power as "the possibility of a person or groups of people in a social activity, even in spite of the resistance of others involved in such action".

Thomas Hobbes argues that power is "the present means of obtaining any apparent advantage in the future."

For Bertrand Russell, power is "the production of the desired effect."

According to Dennis Lang, "power is the ability of certain people to have the desired effect on others".

Although the above interpretations of power have different perspectives, they all reveal the characteristics of "power" from different perspectives, that is, power is a kind of force, with the help of which a certain desired situation and result can or may be produced.

We believe that power is the influence and control of the concept and behavior of the management object of a specific management subject in the process of achieving the set goals of the organization, and the management subject can be an individual or a group. Power is a kind of dominance and control over power by the subject of power by virtue of certain means of political coercion, in an orderly structure, and it is the internal disturbance and unity of position, authority, responsibility and service.