The power of the states in the federal system of the United States, the relationship between the fed

1) Long before the founding of the United States, Britain adopted a policy of divide and rule for the thirteen colonies in North America, with each state as an independent whole.

Most of the colonies at that time were the direct territories of the British Crown, and the Governor was appointed by the British Crown and had greater powers, and the Governor had the power to appoint judges and other officials of the colonial administration. In other colonies, the king owned a portion of the land.

Granted to a person or a company, known as the Owner Colony, whose governor is appointed by the owner and has less power; Some were self-governing colonies established by a certain number of immigrants without violating British law, and their governors were elected by nobles and high-ranking merchants, with the least power. To a certain extent, these different mechanisms resulted in relative independence between states, and the thirteen colonies did not form a unified authority.

2) The independent and innovative spirit formed by the unique natural conditions of the United States and the living habits of the early immigrants in North America made the people of each state adopt different institutions and administrative means to start a business.

The early settlers, scattered across a vast land and separated by many natural barriers, abandoned everything they had (identity, status, etc.) and relied on their ability to compete in the New World, on an equal footing, and to create a new system based on the objective environment. Although the British ruled all the colonies, the people of each colony had always managed the affairs of the towns and villages themselves.

In the United States, the Constitution enumerates the powers of ****, and in addition to this, the powers of the states.

The United States is composed of 50 states, and the Constitution stipulates that all other powers are exercised by the states**, except for defense, foreign affairs, foreign trade, high justice, security, and interstate commercial regulation, which are the responsibility of the federal government.

The relationship between the federal and state states in the United States is a federal relationship.

The U.S. federal and state states each have the highest authority in the areas they administer, but they are higher than the states, which exercise the supreme power of the state as representatives of the nation, while the states enjoy broader autonomy. The distribution of competence between the Confederation and its members is clearly defined by the Constitution.

On the positive side of the Constitution, the Constitution enumerates that the Federation has a certain competence; On the negative side, fundamentally the states exercise some kind of competence. The United States is a typical example of a de facto federal system, with federal competence enumerated and state competence reserved.

Introduction to U.S. Federal **

The United States mainly includes the three major institutions of Congress, the United States and the Federal Court, which are formulated according to the two major political ideas of separation of powers and federalism, and the legislative, judicial, and executive powers are independent and check and balance each other to avoid abuse of power.

The drafters of the Constitution, in accordance with the principle that they must be close to the people so as not to deprive them of their freedom, reserved the autonomy of the relevant states to the states, and the states themselves have legislative, judicial, and administrative powers, and the powers of the federation are limited to those that cannot be exercised by one state alone.

Such as taxation, finance, national defense, foreign affairs, money and banking, entry and exit management, foreign affairs, national welfare, postal services, and the development of science and art.

The federal status is supreme, but the constitution stipulates that the federation is the same.

The states are decentralized, and the states have a certain degree of independence from the federation.

The separation of powers between the Union and the States is governed by the Tenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution, which states: "This Constitution shall not grant to the United States, but shall be reserved by the States or by the people." ”

Legislative relations. The laws of the states shall not contravene the federal constitution, and the federal ** requires the states to enact the same laws that conform to federal legislation, and the Supreme Court shall decide on conflicts between the laws of the states and the federal laws.

Administrative relations. The Confederation is elected by the whole country or appointed by the Confederation. The ** of each state is elected by the state or delegated by the state**.

Military relations. The local armies of the states participate in the federal defense by order of ** when necessary. Federal troops guarantee the security of the states. In the event of an external attack or civil unrest in a state, the federal army may intervene without the consent of the state. Under normal circumstances, troops can only be sent in with the permission of the state.

Fiscal relations. Both the federal and state governments have the right to levy taxes. The Confederation may not tax goods exported from the states. Federal** progressive income tax is remitted back to the states and some localities** and is shared with no strings attached.

States are not allowed to solicit export taxes. The federal **, by decision of Congress, allocates funds to the states for financial subsidies.

Federal and State Authority. Over the years, the powers of the Confederation have gradually expanded, and the powers of the states have been relatively reduced. In particular, in order to implement the "New Deal" and strengthen state intervention in the economy, Roosevelt relaxed the interpretation of the Constitution and legitimized the expansion of federal powers.

The powers granted to the Federation are: levying taxes, borrowing money, and issuing currency; Administering foreign and interstate: the development of uniform naturalization and bankruptcy laws; providing penalties for counterfeiting the United States** and currency; the establishment of post offices and the construction of postal roads; Issuance of patents and copyrights; the establishment of federal courts; Regulate and punish acts of piracy and crimes against international law on the high seas; declaration of war, issuance of permits for the capture of enemy ships, and the establishment of regulations on capture on the road and on the water; building an army and navy; conscription of militias; administering the territory, managing the property; determination of weights and measures; dealing with diplomacy and concluding treaties; Acceptance.

NSW joins the Commonwealth; Propose constitutional amendments.

The powers reserved to the state are: to regulate industry and commerce in the state; Establishment of Places**; To protect health, safety and above all; to protect life, property and maintain order; ratification of constitutional amendments; holding elections; Change the state constitution and state **.