What are the physics knowledge in roller coasters? Do you know?

Newton's Three Laws of Motion Newton was the culmination of classical mechanics theory. He systematically summarized the work of Galileo, Kepler and Huygens, and obtained the famous law of universal gravitation and Newton's three laws of motion. Newton was born on January 4, 1643, in a family of yeoman farmers in Walthorp, a small town in Lincolnshire, England.

Before Newton, astronomy was the most prominent subject. But why do planets have to revolve around the sun according to certain laws? Astronomers have not been able to explain this satisfactorily.

The discovery of gravitation shows that the motion of stars in the sky and the motion of objects on the ground are governed by the same law -- the laws of mechanics. Long before Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, many scientists had seriously considered this problem. Kepler, for example, recognized that there must be a force at work to maintain the planet's elliptical orbit, and he thought that this force was similar to magnetism, like a magnet attracting iron.

In 1659, Huygens discovered from studying the motion of a pendulum that a centripetal force was required to keep an object moving in a circular orbit. Hooke et al. believe that it is gravity and try to extrapolate to the relationship between gravity and distance. <>

Friction When two objects in contact with each other move relative to each other, a force that hinders the relative motion is generated on the contact surface, and this force is called friction. The condition for friction is that two objects are in contact with each other, and the contact surface is rough, and there is mutual extrusion; Relative motion between two objects is to take place or has taken place. Friction hinders the relative motion or tendency of the relative motion of the object, so the direction in the friction is opposite to the tendency of the relative motion or relative motion of the object.

So in the motion of the object, part of the kinetic energy is converted into frictional force. Roller coaster designers must be aware of the role that friction plays in the movement of the car body. Designers can use friction to reduce the speed of the roller coaster and the safe stop after arrival.

Gravity The force exerted on an object due to the attraction of the earth is called gravity. The most important and influential aspect of roller coasters is the gravitational pull of the Earth. The gravitational pull of the Earth causes an object to move from one point to another.

acceleration or deceleration due to gravity depending on the angle at which the track is tilted; The steeper the slope, the more obvious the acceleration or deceleration. <>

Roller coaster construction:

The roller coaster construction includes climbing, sliding, and reversing (children's roller coasters do not have reversing), and the track design is not necessarily a complete loop, but can also be designed so that the body of the car can move back and forth on the track. Most roller coasters can accommodate 2, 4 or 6 people or 8 people per ride, and these cars are connected to each other by hooks, just like trains.

Roller coaster principle:

At its most basic level, a roller coaster is nothing more than a machine that uses gravity and inertia to move a train along a winding track.

In the beginning, the roller coaster's train relied on the thrust of a catapult or chain to climb to the highest point, but after the first descent, there was no more device to power it. In fact, from this point on, the only "engine" that drives it along the track will be the gravitational potential energy, that is, the process of conversion from potential energy to kinetic energy, and from kinetic energy to gravitational potential energy.

Roller coaster tracks.

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1. At the beginning of the execution, the roller coaster's train relied on the thrust of a mechanical device to push it to the highest point, but after the first descent, there was no longer any device to power it. In fact, from this point on, the only "engine" that drives it along the track will be gravitational heat, that is, it is composed of a continuous process of conversion from gravitational heat energy into kinetic energy, and from kinetic energy to gravitational potential energy.

2. The first type of energy, i.e., gravitational heat energy, is the energy that an object possesses by itself because of its position, which is derived from its height and acceleration due to gravity. For roller coasters, their thermal energy reaches its maximum at its highest point, that is, when it climbs to the top of the "hill".

When the roller coaster starts to descend, its potential energy is constantly decreasing (because the height drops), but it does not disappear, but is converted into kinetic energy, that is, kinetic energy.

However, in the process of energy conversion, heat is generated due to the friction of the roller coaster's wheels against the track, resulting in a small amount of mechanical energy (kinetic energy and potential energy). That's why the subsequent hill in the design is more mechanical energy than the height of the hill at the beginning.

3. The feeling of descent is strongest in the rear compartment of the roller coaster. This is because the last car passes through the highest point faster than the car at the head of the roller coaster, due to the gravitational pull acting on the center of mass in the middle of the roller coaster.

In this way, the person in the last car is able to reach and cross the highest point quickly, and thus there is a feeling of being thrown away, because the center of mass is accelerating downward, and the wheels of the rear car are firmly fastened to the track, otherwise the small car can be derailed and thrown out when it reaches the vicinity of the summit.

The situation is different in the front compartment, its center of mass is "behind", and for a short time, although it is in a state of decline, it has to "wait" for the center of mass to cross the high point and be pushed by gravity.

4. When you reach the "Circle of Madness", the roller coaster traveling along the straight track suddenly turns upwards. At this point, the passenger will have the feeling of being pressed onto the track, because an apparent centrifugal force is generated. In fact, on the circular track, a centripetal force is created due to the interaction of the rails with the roller coaster.

This circular orbit is slightly elliptical in shape and is designed to "balance" the braking effect of gravity. When the roller coaster reaches the highest point of the circular track, it will in fact slow down, but this phenomenon will diminish if it is less curved. Once the roller coaster has completed its journey, the mechanical brakes bring the roller coaster to a very safe stop.

The speed of deceleration is controlled by the cylinder.

Physics of Roller Coasters When you ride a roller coaster in a playground at a speed of nearly 100 kilometers per hour, do you think: why doesn't roller coasters need an engine to propel? When riding a roller coaster, why do we reverse but don't fall off?

The first question has to do with the principle of conservation of energy. Energy can take many different forms, such as kinetic energy, potential energy, sound energy, and heat. When you've ever ridden a stupid roller coaster, the roller coaster will be pushed by the machinery and gears, and the roller coaster will be taken to a very high position.

Relative to the ground, roller coasters have a lot of potential energy. The higher above the ground, the greater the potential energy. After reaching the highest point, the roller coaster begins to slide, gradually increasing in speed and momentum.

Based on the law of conservation of energy, potential energy decreases and is converted into kinetic energy. When the roller coaster passes through the first valley, it has a lot of kinetic energy, so it can still rush up the second mountain. According to the principle of conservation of energy content, the height that the roller coaster can climb is the same as the height at which it starts to slide down.

However, due to friction between the parts, the total mechanical energy of the roller coaster is reduced. As a result, many roller coaster tracks start with the highest mountain and get shorter and shorter after that. The second problem is related to the centripetal force, and the principle is more complicated.

According to Newton's first law, in the absence of external forces, an object moves in a straight line with an average velocity. If the roller coaster is not subjected to an external force, it will move in the direction of the track tangent. But since the roller coaster can turn, it must have a powerful effect.

Assuming that the mass of the roller coaster is that is moving at a speed and the track of the roller coaster is a circle of radius, then the centripetal force required is . The question is, where does this force come from? For the sake of simplicity, let's consider the case of a roller coaster at its highest point.

If the roller coaster still has a high speed at the highest point, the centripetal force required to turn will be higher. The weight of the roller coaster itself can provide part of the centripetal force, but if the required centripetal force is greater than the weight of the car, part of the required centripetal force will be provided by the reaction force of the rail to the roller coaster, and the two parts add up to what we have. At this time, if the speed is greater, the interaction force between the roller coaster and the road rail is also greater, and the more it will stick to the rail and will not fall.

Conversely, if the speed of the roller coaster is low, the force will be less or even close to zero, and the roller coaster will easily fall off. In other words, the roller coaster doesn't fall off because it has a high speed.

1. The earliest design of the roller coaster is a perfect circular loop. In this design, the angle of the curve along the way is a constant. In order to generate enough vertical acceleration at the top of the loop to compress the train against the track, it is necessary to keep the train comparable.

Entering the loop at a fast speed (so that the train can still move fast at the top of the loop). Faster speeds mean that passengers are subjected to more force when entering the loop, which can be uncomfortable for passengers.

2. The oval (actually drop-shaped) design makes it easier to balance these forces. The angle of the curve at the top of the loop is sharper than on the side of the loop. This allows the train to pass through the loop fast enough to be crowded at the top of the loop.

There's plenty of acceleration, and the teardrop-shaped design creates less vertical acceleration on the sides. This provides the force needed to keep the roller coaster running without putting too much force on potentially dangerous areas.

Principles of physics in roller coaster operation.

Acceleration rate.

There is a directional velocity).

The change is called acceleration.

An object accelerates, decelerates, or changes direction, which is called acceleration.

Most large rides include acceleration.

Downhill, or sharp turns, the device may increase the speed or acceleration.

When going uphill, or moving in a straight line, the device may slow down or decelerate.

When the roller coaster goes downhill, gravity makes the car move faster and faster, which is the acceleration.

When the roller coaster goes uphill, the speed of the body movement is getting slower and slower, which is deceleration.

The acceleration of a roller coaster is directly related to the mass of the body and the power of pushing and pulling.

Centripetal force When the roller coaster moves along the loop, the centripetal force acts. The centripetal force is produced by the motion of an object along a circular motion.

For example, when you run along a glide curve towards the ground, gravity causes the roller coaster to slide in a straight line, but the track is curved, and the centripetal force causes the roller coaster to move along the curve.

The feeling of the rider on the roller coaster is to be thrown off the track, but gravity makes the body of the car actually move in a circle on the track, so the power pointing inside the circle or curve is necessary.

For the kinetic force directed inside a circumference or curve, it is called a centripetal force.

Energy (kinetic energy + potential energy).

Energy makes the object work.

Kinetic energy - the energy being used, energy produces movement.

Potential energy – energy that is stored and used later.

Conservation rate of energy:

Energy can be transformed from one form to another, but does not automatically generate and disappear.

As the motor drives the coaster to reach the first slope, the roller coaster stores more and more potential energy.

When gravity-pulled roller coaster slides down a slope, the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.

The farther the slope is from the top, the more potential energy is converted into kinetic energy, and passengers can feel the increase in speed.

At the very bottom of the slope, the speed is the fastest.

As the car climbs the second hill, the kinetic energy is gradually converted into potential energy, and the speed of the roller coaster gradually slows down.

The higher the height, the more kinetic energy is converted into potential energy.

The conversion rate of this kinetic potential energy is conserved, keeping the roller coaster moving up and down along the track.

And the total amount of kinetic energy is inconvenient to keep, just heavy on the transformation of one form into another.

Note that the first hill is the highest point of the roller coaster, why?

However, part of the energy is converted into friction, wind resistance, wheel rotation and other energy-consuming factors. Roller coaster designers consider the role of friction in the operation of roller coasters.

Therefore, the designers lowered the height of the hillside design to ensure that the roller coaster could fully drive over the hillside.

Roller coasters are able to run because of two basic points:

Earth's gravitational pull and conservation of energy.

Do you know how roller coasters work? It is powered by magnetism, so it's no wonder it won't fall off the track.

How does a roller coaster turn in circles safely? The principle is so simple.