How to understand the question of determining the amount of value of a commodity

Answer: The amount of value of a commodity cannot be determined by individual labor hours, but only by socially necessary labor hours.

The socially necessary labor time for the production of commodities is the labor time required to produce a certain use value under the existing normal social production conditions and under the average social labor proficiency and labor intensity.

Two conditions determine the socially necessary working hours. First, it is determined by the objective standard conditions of production, that is, by the existing normal conditions of social production. This refers to the conditions of the means of production used in the production of most of the same commodities in a given sector of production, as well as the level of technical equipment reached.

Second, it is determined by the subjective standard conditions of production, that is, by the average level of labor proficiency and average labor intensity of society.

The amount of value of a commodity determined by socially necessary labor time is called the social value of a commodity; The amount of value formed by the individual labor time of each commodity producer is the individual value of the commodity. The exchange of commodities is carried out according to the social value of the commodity.

The amount of value of a commodity: the socially necessary labor time for the production of the commodity (socially necessary labor time: the labor time required to produce a certain use value under the existing normal social production conditions, under the average labor proficiency and labor intensity of the society), which is defined as:

Undifferentiated general human labor condensed in commodities (undifferentiated human labor here refers to physical or mental labor, and the quality of the labor of the person who manufactures the commodity is the same, regardless of the industry in which the commodity is manufactured).

The amount of value of a commodity: the socially necessary labor time for the production of the commodity (socially necessary labor time: the labor time required to produce a certain use value under the existing normal social production conditions, under the average labor proficiency and labor intensity of the society), which is defined as:

Undifferentiated general human labor condensed in commodities (undifferentiated human labor here refers to physical or mental labor, and the quality of the labor of the person who manufactures the commodity is the same, regardless of the industry in which the commodity is manufactured).

Factors influencing and determining the amount of value of a commodity: socially necessary labor time; Labour productivity;

1. The influence and determination of socially necessary labor time on the value of commodities

The greater the socially necessary labor time required to produce a commodity, the greater the value per unit of commodity, and vice versa, the smaller the value of a unit of commodity, which is directly proportional to the socially necessary labor time for the production of a commodity.

2. The influence and determination of labor productivity on the value of commodities

The influence and determination of the amount of use value of commodities: the higher the labor productivity, the more the amount of use value produced per unit time; Otherwise, the less; The productivity of labour is proportional to the amount of use-value produced by this labour;

Determination and influence on the total value of commodities: no matter how labor productivity changes, the total amount of value created by the same labor remains unchanged at the same time;

Determination and impact on the value of a unit of goods: the higher the labor productivity, the smaller the value of a unit of goods; Otherwise, the larger; The amount of value per unit of commodity is inversely proportional to the labor productivity of that labor.

The amount of value of a commodity is the magnitude of the value of the commodity, usually the amount of value per unit. The amount of value of a commodity is determined not by the individual labour time expended by the individual producers of the commodity, but by the socially necessary labour time.

A commodity is a product of labour, and the value of a commodity is formed by labour, so its value is measured by the labour time expended in producing it. All other things being equal, the greater the value of the commodity, the higher the **; The smaller the amount of value of the commodity, the lower the **.

If other factors remain constant, the amount of value per unit of commodity is inversely proportional to the social labor productivity of producing that commodity. Value determines **, ** is the monetary expression of value, and value is the basis of **.

The value of commodities includes two aspects: qualitative and quantitative requirements. The qualitative definition of value is what the entity of value is, and the quantitative definition of value is determined by what and how the magnitude of value is determined. The value of a commodity is the undifferentiated general human labor condensed in the commodity, and the value is determined by the amount of labor expended by the laborer in producing the commodity, and the amount of labor is measured in terms of labor time.

It is not the individual labour time that determines the value of a commodity, but only the socially necessary labour time.

Socially necessary labor time is to produce a certain use value under the existing normal social production conditions and under the average labor proficiency and labor intensity of the society.

The labor time required. The "social average level of proficiency and intensity of labor" here refers to the normal nature of labor, i.e., "the labor force must have the average proficiency, skill, and speed that dominates in the specialty in which it is used." ......This labour must be expended at the usual average level of tension, with the usual intensity in society".

It implies that both the labour forces and the conditions of production which form the quantity of value must be of a normal nature.

The socially necessary labor time required to produce a commodity increases with labor productivity.

The change of pickpocketing and change. The higher the level of labor productivity, the greater the quantity of goods produced per unit of time, the less socially necessary labor time is required to produce each commodity, and the smaller the amount of value per unit of commodity, and vice versa. The amount of value of a commodity is directly proportional to the labor time spent producing the commodity and inversely proportional to labor productivity.

Labor productivity refers to the efficiency with which workers produce use value. Its level can be measured in terms of the number of goods produced per unit of labor time, or in terms of the labor time spent per unit of labor. There are many factors that affect labor productivity, mainly the average proficiency of laborers, the degree of development of science and technology and its application in production, the social integration of the production process, and the means of production.

scale and efficiency as well as natural conditions, etc.

The quantity of value of commodities is closely related to simple and complex labor. Simple labor refers to work that can be performed by ordinary workers who do not need to undergo special training and training. Complex labor refers to the labor performed by workers who need to be specially trained and cultivated, and have certain cultural knowledge and technical expertise.

The labor that forms the value of commodities is measured by simple labor. Complex labor is equal to self-multiplication or multiple times the amount of simple labor, that is, a small amount of complex labor is equal to a large amount of simple labor. In the same labor time, the value created by complex labor is greater than the value created by simple labor.

In order to private ownership.

based on the commodity economy.

Under these conditions, the transformation of complex labor into simple labor is not consciously calculated by the commodity producers, but is spontaneously realized in the process of commodity exchange.

The decisive factor of the value of a commodity is determined by the socially necessary labor time for the production of the commodity, and if the value is increased, the producer must increase the productivity of individual labor and reduce the individual labor time.

Assuming that the supply and demand of commodities in the market are balanced, there is no competition, and the production conditions of a certain production sector are divided into three types: superior, medium and inferior, then the determination of the value of commodities has the following three situations:

1. In the production of this sector, if the conditions of medium production predominate, and the products produced under the conditions of medium production account for the vast majority of the products of this sector, then the socially necessary labour time for the production of this commodity is determined by the individual labour time of the commodity produced under the medium conditions of production, and the social value of the commodity is determined by the individual value of the commodity produced under the medium conditions of production.

2. In the production of this sector, if the inferior conditions of production predominate, and the products produced by the inferior conditions of production account for the vast majority of the products of this sector, then the socially necessary labour time for the production of such commodities is determined by the individual labour time of the production of the commodity under the inferior conditions of production, and the social value of the commodity is determined by the individual value of the commodities produced by the inferior conditions of production.

3. In the production of this sector, if the superior conditions of production predominate, and the products produced by the superior conditions of production account for the vast majority of the products of this sector, then the socially necessary labour time for the production of such commodities is determined by the individual labour time of the production of the commodity under superior conditions of production, and the social value of the commodity is determined by the individual value of the commodities produced by the superior conditions of production.