How to understand the duality of labor in the production of goods? 40

Labor duality refers to concrete labor and abstract labor. Labor that varies in form is called concrete labor. The exertion of human physical and mental power, i.e., undifferentiated human labor, is called abstract labor.

People's labor in producing commodities is the unity of concrete and abstract labor, and concrete labor and abstract labor are two sides of the same labor process for the production of commodities.

The theory of the duality of labor correctly explained value and the quantity of value, the nature and form of value, and the commodity-money relationship, thus creating the theory of surplus value. It scientifically explains the theory of the organic composition of capital, the theory of capital accumulation, the theory of social capital reproduction, and so on, and it is the pivot for understanding the theory of Marxist political economy.

Concrete labor and abstract labor.

are two aspects of the production of the same commodity. It is important to note here that there are not two labors, just as there are two sides of the same coin, it is two sides of one labor. Concrete labor illustrates what labor is like, and abstract labor illustrates the amount of labor and the amount of labor time.

Concrete labor forms the use value of the commodity.

Abstract labor forms the value entity of the commodity. Concrete labor and abstract labor are two provisions of the same labor. Any kind of labor, on the one hand, is special concrete labor, and on the other hand, it is general abstract labor, this is the duality of labor, which determines the two factors of commodities.

The duality of labor in the production of goods is understood as follows:

Labor duality: refers to the dual nature of concrete labor and abstract labor in the production of goods. Specific labor refers to labor with different production purposes, labor objects, tools used, operating methods, and production results.

Concrete labor produces the use value of the commodity. Abstract labor refers to undifferentiated general human labor. Abstract the value of labor producing commodities.

The theory of the duality of labor correctly explained value and the quantity of value, the nature and form of value, and the commodity-money relationship, thus creating the theory of surplus value. It scientifically explains the theory of the organic composition of capital, the theory of capital accumulation, the theory of social capital reproduction, and so on, and it is the pivot for understanding the theory of Marxist political economy.

The duality of labor in the production of commodities is understood as follows:

The concrete labor that produces the commodity forms the use value of the commodity, and the abstract labor forms the value entity of the commodity. Concrete labor and abstract labor are two provisions of the same labor.

Any kind of labor, on the one hand, is a special concrete labor, and on the other hand, it is a general abstract labor, and this is the duality of labor. It is the duality of labor that determines the two factors of commodities (concrete labor produces the use value of commodities, and abstract labor creates the value of commodities).

Abstract labor is the only source of value, and concrete labor is the source of use value (i.e., social wealth), but it is not the only source. The theory of the duality of labor is the pivot for understanding Marxist political economy.

It can be understood that concrete labor produces use value, while abstract labor produces value.

Commodities have two meanings. On the one hand, it must be able to meet a certain need of people, otherwise it cannot be sold, and this meaning makes it have the attribute of use value. On the other hand, commodities need to be exchanged, so what is the scale of exchange?

Different commodities have different use values, and use values have different forms, so they cannot be homogeneous. Then there must be a homogeneous scale, which is value. According to the viewpoint of Marxist political economy, value is measured in the form of socially necessary labor time, which is available to all commodities, and can be considered regardless of the form of the commodity itself.

The production of commodities is realized by human labor, and the activity of labor also has a dual meaning due to the duality of commodities. On the one hand, labor is the transformation of a certain raw material into a product through human activities, so that things have achieved a change in form. For example, those who make clothes turn cloth into clothes, and those who make bread turn noodles, yeast, and so on into bread.

Because of the different forms of these labors, different commodities are produced, and different use values are created, and this important meaning of labor is called concrete labor.

Abstract labor is different. On the one hand, labor produces use value, but it also condenses itself into the commodity, thus increasing the value of the commodity. And this important meaning is an abstraction of various kinds of labor because it only considers the necessary labor time and does not consider the form of labor.

For example, making clothes and bread are both producing commodities in different forms, and we can only look at them in terms of their labor time. This heavy meaning of labor is called abstract labor.

The process of labor is then divided into the labor process and the value multiplication process.

The duality of commodities is determined by the duality of labor embodied in the production of commodities. The labor that produces commodities has a dual nature:

1) Specific labor.

It is the production of different uses of different values and different forms of labor. Specific labor is differentiated according to the purpose of labor, the object, the method of operation, the labor materials, and the labor results. Only when concrete labor is combined with the means of labor and the objects of labor can use value be created.

2) Abstract labor.

It is homogeneous and undifferentiated labor that forms the value of commodities. Abstract labour is the only source of value for commodities, and abstract labour is the same for the labour that produces any commodity, and there is only a difference in quantity. Commodity exchange is essentially the exchange of equal amounts of abstract labor, reflecting the socio-economic relations between commodity producers.

Abstract labor is the entity of commodity value.

That is, the labor that produces commodities is divided into abstract labor and concrete labor. The use value of commodities is determined by concrete labor, and the value of commodities is determined by abstract labor. The so-called concrete labor refers to the carpenter's labor that produces wood, and the blacksmith's labor that produces ironware.

Abstract labor refers to undifferentiated human labor condensed on a commodity. That is, no matter who or how the goods are produced, it contains the physical and mental expenditure of people. Its significance lies in the fact that the only ** that reveals the value of commodities is abstract labor.

That is, commodities are valuable only because of human labor.

The duality of labor in the production of commodities refers to concrete labor and abstract labor, and concrete labor refers to labor in which the purpose of production, the object of labor, the tools used, the method of operation, and the results of production are different. Concrete labor produces the use value of the commodity. Abstract labor refers to undifferentiated general human labor.

Abstract the value of labor producing commodities.

Concrete labor and abstract labor are two interrelated and opposing aspects of the same labor process. Marx created the theory of the duality of labor, which made the labor theory of value proposed by the bourgeois classical political economists Adam Smith and David a completely scientific theory of value. Concrete labor creates use value, and abstract labor creates value.

In January 2011, the self-study exam "Introduction to the Principles of Marxist Basic Numbers" is the fourth short-answer question of the real question.

Proofreading Answer:The duality of labor in the production of commodities refers to the fact that the pure labor of producing commodities is concrete labor on the one hand, and abstract labor on the other.

Specific labor refers to the production of labor with a specific nature, purpose and form of a certain use value; Abstract labor refers to general human labor, which is undifferentiated from all concrete forms.

Concrete labor creates the use value of commodities, and abstract labor creates the value of commodities.

The duality of labor in the production of commodities refers to concrete labor and abstract labor, and the duality of the use value and value of commodities is determined by the duality of labor in the production of commodities.

Labor that produces a certain use-value with a specific nature, purpose, and form is concrete labor. Concrete labor creates use value, and different specific labor creates different use value. Undifferentiated human labor in general, apart from all concrete forms, is abstract labor.

Abstract labor is the entity of commodity value. So, the abstract labor that produces a commodity creates the value of the commodity.

Concrete labor and abstract labor are two inseparable aspects of the same labor process of commodity producers, they are unified in time and space, and they are not two or two kinds of labor that exist independently. Concrete labor is the natural attribute of commodity labor, and abstract labor is the social attribute of commodity labor.

A Critique of the Spiritual Phenomenology of Commodities

Marx's subtitle of Capital "Critique of Political Economy" means that analysis begins late in critique, in order to completely reject the non-critical empirical theory of bourgeois wealth. Therefore, "the two filial factors of commodities: use value and value" cannot be regarded as an epistemological framework for commodities, but rather as a demand for critical analysis of practice, that is, "existential critique of wealth".

By rejecting the self-sufficiency of wealth, the theory of value emerges and is built into critical provisions. The subsequent analysis of the duality of labor embodied in commodities further reduces the problem to the historical critical framework of the theory of value of "labor".

In the process of commodity exchange, the specific labor of the producer with the use value of the ingenious product cannot be directly compared in quantity, and only by reducing the concrete labor to abstract labor, that is, abstracting the undifferentiated human labor from the concrete labor, can the quantitative comparison be carried out.

The duality of labor in the production of commodities arises from the social conditions under which commodities are produced. The emergence of commodity production is due to the two conditions of social division of labor and private ownership of the means of production. As a result, individual labor of a personal nature and social labor of a social nature were born.

The contradiction between private labor and social labor determines that the labor of producing commodities has the dual nature of concrete labor and abstract labor.

Private labor is first manifested as concrete labor, which can only realize the use value through the exchange of commodities, can it be recognized by society, and then it can be transformed into social labor. However, in the process of exchanging commodities, it is impossible to compare the quantities of various specific labors and determine the proportions of exchange due to their different natures, which objectively requires that the specific characteristics of labor must be discarded.

A simple comparison of the cost of ordinary human labor can only reduce concrete labor to abstract labor. That is, whether concrete labor can be reduced to abstract labor fundamentally depends on whether private labor and social labor can achieve unity.

1) Commodities are the products of labor that people use in exchange, and the second factor is use value and value. Use value is the natural attribute of the commodity, the bearer of value and exchange value, and its particularity lies in the fact that it is the use value of society and realizes it through exchange. Value is the social attribute of the commodity, the relative is the essential factor, and its substance is abstract labor.

2) The two Zen durability of the manufacturer's Heda Chunpin labor is concrete labor and abstract labor. Concrete labor and abstract labor are two aspects of the same labor process. Concrete labor is the natural attribute of labor, and abstract labor is the social attribute of labor.

3) The duality of labor determines the two factors of commodities, concrete labor creates the use value of commodities, and abstract labor forms the value of commodities.