How to do a paternity test, how to do a paternity test?

The North American Paternity Testing Center tells you how to prepare for a paternity test.

Personnel preparation: (1) The person to be evaluated shall be composed of a mother and son, a suspicious father or a parent and son, and only those who require a father and son or a mother and son to be evaluated are generally required to explain the reasons for the appraisal; (2) Adult appraised persons shall voluntarily consent to the appraisal, and juveniles over the age of 14 shall appropriately solicit their opinions on the appraisal; (3) The person to be identified should know whether he or his close relatives have a genetic history to provide a reference for identification (easy genetic mutation with a genetic history); (4) It is generally better for the children to be identified to be over half a year old. Preparation of materials:

1) The identity card (or work permit), marriage (divorce) certificate, birth certificate (or household registration) of the child and other documents proving the identity and mutual relationship of the person being evaluated; (2) If the appraisal is entrusted by the public procuratorate, procuratorate, or law firm, a power of attorney for paternity testing issued by the court, procuratorate, public security department or law firm shall be issued, indicating the name, address, ID card and reason for application of the parents and children. According to the relevant provisions of judicial appraisal, a family of three often has to draw a certain amount of blood. Generally 1 2 ml, theoretically a drop of blood is sufficient.

In special cases, tissues such as oral exfoliated cells, hair, and embryos can also be taken as samples.

Any individual can request a paternity test.

The decision of whether or not to do a DNA paternity test or individual and family genetic mapping is entirely up to you and does not require the consent of any other relevant authorities. However, if it involves a criminal or civil case and requires a judicial appraisal report with judicial effect, you must issue a power of attorney from the public security, procuratorate, court or other organs or law firms in accordance with the corresponding judicial procedures of the state.

What are the procedures for a personal paternity test? The appraiser wants to prove whether there is a parent-child relationship through DNA testing, and it is not used for judicial purposes and does not need to have any legal effect, but only wants to know the results of the test. Therefore, there is no need to provide too many formalities, only the collected identification samples (blood stains, hair, mouth).

It mainly depends on what kind of paternity test you are going to do, and there are three types of paternity tests. 1. Judicial paternity test. 2. Personal privacy paternity test.

3. Non-invasive paternity testing during pregnancy. The process of the three types of appraisal is different, the person being identified in the judicial appraisal needs to provide valid documents to verify the identity, and the staff will collect samples at the scene, and the process of adoption needs to take photos and videos for evidence. Personal privacy paternity tests can be collected by yourself, mailed or sent for testing.

A non-invasive paternity test during pregnancy requires 10 ml of venous blood from the pregnant woman and a sample from the male partner.

Paternity testing refers to the use of theories and techniques of biology, genetics, and related disciplines to determine whether the parents of the accused and the remaining daughters are biological according to the laws of inheritance of genetic traits between offspring and parents.

1. How to do paternity testing.

Traditional paternity testing requires blood group testing: children must be at least 6 months old and require a large number of blood samples, which is cumbersome, painful to sample, and has a high error rate. DNA paternity tests are very different from them.

DNA paternity testing can be done in any tissue, such as oral epithelial cells. Even before the child is born, without the participation of the mother, and it is the most accurate kind of paternity test at present - the accuracy rate is reachable, so it has the characteristics of exquisiteness, simplicity, speed, economy and practicality. As long as you prepare forensic identification, ID card, household registration booklet, passport, birth certificate, ** and samples (including blood, mouth, hair with hair follicles), you can go to a regular hospital for paternity testing.

2. Identification steps.

Step 1: DNA extraction.

The DNA contained in the nucleus of the sample is extracted, and then purified to remove impurities from the sample.

Step 2: PCR amplification.

The Chinese name of PCR is polymerase chain reaction, simply put, the step of PCR amplification is to put the fragments we need.

By enzymatic reactions, a large number of replicates are made on a PCR instrument, magnified to the extent that they can be seen through some specialized instruments.

Step 3: Post-PCR reaction.

This step is mainly the preparation stage for the detection of the ABI sequencer, opening the double-stranded DNA, adding some internal standards for detection, mainly used to mark the length of the detected fragment.

Step 4: Capillary sequencer detection.

Due to the charge of DNA, the high imitation through the capillary electrophoresis method, the electrophoresis speed of different fragment DNA lengths is different, under the same voltage, the same electrophoresis time, the distance of the swim is different, these different distances can be distinguished by the internal standard measurement added in the early stage, and at the same time, it can be displayed on the computer through a certain software, which is convenient for the inspectors to process and analyze the data.

Step 5: Analyze the data and issue a report.

The main thing is that the inspectors will analyze and summarize the results obtained, calculate, and then issue identification conclusions and reports.

Article 1073 of the Civil Code.

Where there is an objection to the parent-child relationship and there is a legitimate reason, the father or mother may file a lawsuit in the people's court to request confirmation or denial of the parent-child relationship.

Where there is an objection to the parent-child relationship and there is a legitimate reason, the adult child may file a lawsuit with the people's court to request confirmation of the parent-child relationship.

01 There are four main ways to do paternity testing: DNA paternity testing, blood group paternity testing, chromosomal polymorphism paternity testing, and pregnancy paternity testing. Paternity testing is not child's play, it is related to the fate and happiness of each family, and it is a more reliable choice to verify parentage through scientific, convenient and accurate DNA paternity testing.

DNA paternity testing is currently the most common method for paternity testing, and this method is relatively simple to sample, blood, body surface hair, and oral cells, which is very convenient.

Principle: Under normal circumstances, there are a total of 23 pairs of dyeing, each pair is two, usually from the father and mother. As long as a certain number of DNA loci are tested during the test, if they are the same as the parents, then they are biological, otherwise there are doubts.

If only 1-2 loci do not match, some loci should be tested because there is a possibility of genetic mutations. If more than 3 loci do not match, it is basically not a parent-child relationship.

A blood type paternity test is to test the blood types of the two people who need to be tested, and compare their blood types to determine whether they are biological or not.

Principle: Mendel's laws of inheritance state that the blood type of a human being is passed on to the next generation, so there is an important link between the blood type of the child and the blood type of the parents. In addition, in the last century, experts have found that the antigen of white blood cells can also be used as reference data, which can be used to achieve relatively high accuracy with the detection of blood group system.

Chromosomal polymorphism paternity test.

This was discovered in the 80s of the last century, and medical scientists use chromosome polymorphisms to distinguish whether they are biological or not.

Principle: Most of the chromosome morphology of normal people has some very small variations, and this polymorphism is also inherited. However, this technology is mainly observed and judged by technicians, so the accuracy is not very high.

Paternity test during pregnancy.

During pregnancy, paternity testing can also be performed by drawing venous blood from pregnant women, collecting fetal chorion, and drawing amniotic fluid.

Principle: The principle of paternity testing during pregnancy is to take the DNA of the fetus to be tested, and the results obtained in this way are consistent with the results of the fetal postnatal examination. However, the tester should pay attention to the operation method to avoid confusing the mother's DNA with the fetal DNA.