Why does light penetrate substances such as glass?

Light is an electromagnetic wave, when it is incident on any medium or transmitted in the medium, it is actually the microscopic particles in the medium that absorb its energy, and the polarization and forced vibration occur to form an electric dipole oscillator, and the vibrating electric dipole emits a secondary wave. Light passes through the glass, in fact, the light we see through is no longer the original light, but the scattered secondary wave emitted by the microscopic particles inside the glass under the action of incident light. Due to the different natural frequencies of microscopic particle vibrations in various media, they exhibit different scattering characteristics.

According to the boundary value relationship between the Maxwell equation and the electromagnetic field, the proportional relationship between the two components of the electric field intensity vector of light reflected and transmitted (that is, refraction) occurs at the interface of the two mediums and the two components of the original incident electric field intensity vector, and the light vector is the electric vector.

Glass is a non-conductor, and the incident of electromagnetic waves does not produce a free charge and conduction current. If light is incident on the surface of a conductor, the dielectric constant is a complex number and the refractive index is also a complex number due to the presence of a free charge, which will strongly absorb electromagnetic waves, so the metal is opaque. Of course, the conductors and non-conductors mentioned here are not usually understood as conductive or non-conductive, and a calculation based on the frequency of the incident electromagnetic wave can be concluded.

For infrared light, some semiconductor materials are also transparent.

Ordinary glass is transparent, which only means that it is transparent for visible light, and its wavelength in a vacuum is 400nm to 760nm, of course, the transmittance of each small band is different, and for infrared light, ultraviolet light will be partially transparent or even completely opaque, and the specific transmittance data of each wavelength can be obtained from the relevant glass manufacturers. UV-transparent materials such as quartz, calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, etc., still have high transmittance at 210nm wavelength; The materials that transmit infrared are silicon, germanium, zinc sulfide, gallium arsenide, etc.

There are three forms of matter: reflection, refraction, and transmitted light, and we don't know why glass has high transmittance.

If anyone solves the problem of why it has high transmittance, let's add 200 points to him.

Glass is transparent, and transparent substances have three forms of reflection, refraction, and transmitted light to light, and light energy penetrates glass and other substances to be transmitted. Why does it have high transmittance? It is determined by its molecular structure, and the molecular structure of transparent objects is arranged together very regularly.

For example, glass, diamond, etc.

This issue should be illustrated in two ways:

First, the refractive index of transparent substances such as glass in the visible light band makes its residual reflectivity relatively small, that is, the transmittance is very large, so light can pass through, and our feeling is that glass is transparent.

Second, conventional glass contains no or little substances that absorb visible light in the wavelength range. So visible light passes through very well. The reason why many colored glasses are colored is that they are made by adding materials that can absorb certain wavelengths of light on top of conventional glass such as Si02.

Call it a day!!

Because glass is transparent and absorbs all color light.

Of course it will be refracted. Because, the refractive index of glass.

The refractive index greater than air.

If the light rays enter the glass perpendicular to the surface of the glass, they will not be refracted, they will pass perpendicular through the glass, and if the angle of incidence of the incident rays is greater than the critical angle, total reflection will occur.

As long as the oblique incidence, within the critical angle range, refraction is produced.

Not only glass can be, but so can water vapor.

Waves of different lengths are presented in different colors.

Light hits the glass at different angles, and when the human eye sees this light, it is refracted and reflected, and because of the dispersion action, the wavelengths are different, so we look at different colors.

will refract. Light is refracted through substances of different densities.

Yes. Because, the refractive index of glass is greater than that of air.

Of course, it will be broken. Because, the refractive index of glass is greater than that of air.

Of course he's going to break down. Because the refractive index of glass is greater than the refractive index of air.

1. Light can decompose the structure of any material molecule, and can penetrate many substances such as X-rays to penetrate the human body. Glass is a substance with a high density, and high-density substances are easy to be penetrated by light, not only glass, but also jade, agate, diamonds, etc. (including liquids).

2. Light is an electromagnetic wave, when it is incident on any medium or transmitted in the medium, it is actually the microscopic particles in the medium that absorb its energy, and the polarization and forced vibration occur, forming an electric dipole oscillator. The light we see through the glass is no longer the original light, but the scattered secondary waves emitted by the microscopic particles inside the glass under the action of incident light.

An important reason: no matter how solid a substance is, if you look at it from the inside of the atom, it is actually empty. Because inside the atom, the volume of the nucleus and the electron together is less than 1/1000000000 of the volume of the atom.

Moreover, there is no evidence that atomic nuclei and electrons cannot be passed through by photons! So, transparency is normal!

To understand this complex question, we must first ask the following question: Why are some substances opaque?

For opaque substances, we can divide them into four main categories:

1. Opacity due to the blocking effect of free electrons: This is the reason for the opacity of metals.

2. Opacity caused by substances that can absorb light: the excitation energy of the electrons of the molecules of such substances is relatively low, just in the visible range, and the molecules often have the structure of benzene ring, benzoquinone, benzidine or other conjugated systems, which can reduce the excitation energy of electrons, so that electrons are prone to transition and absorb the energy of photons. In this way, the light is absorbed.

3. Opacity caused by the destruction of the structure of the transparent substance. For example, glass is transparent, while glass powder is opaque; Ice is transparent, whereas ice is opaque when it is smashed. If a substance does not conform to its structural characteristics, then it can pass light, but if it has a lot of small voids in its structure, then it is white.

This is the reason why white objects are opaque.

The result of a mixture of causes. The opacity of many objects in reality is caused by this.

If there are no free electrons in the structure of a substance, there are no easily excited electrons, and the structure of the substance is very compact, and there are no many pores and other conditions. That matter can pass through photons, i.e. it is transparent. So the glass is transparent!

Light is energy, the amount of energy is determined by the frequency of photons, many energy transfer processes have the generation of photons, when the number of photons reaches a certain degree and the frequency is in the range that people can feel, it becomes the light seen by the naked eye in life, the number of photons emitted when Betta decays is too small, we can not see, ultraviolet light, infrared frequency outside the range of human eye perception, we can not see

If a beam of visible light passes through the film, the light is completely unaffected, such as entering a "no-man's land", the film is said to be transparent; However, if a part of the incident light is reflected or changes direction, weakening or blurring the light in the forward direction, the film becomes opaque.