Genes are also called cistronic sons, and this statement is correct

It should be correct.

A cistronic is a gene at a functional level, so cistronic is also commonly used as a synonym for genes, and the region of the cistronic on the chromosome is called the gene locus. It's just a concept of genes.

Cesstronic is an old name for genes, which was proposed in 1955 by the American molecular biologist Benzel, who called the functional complementary group within the gene cistron. The cistron is determined by the cis-reflex test, and if the two sites can complement each other, the two sites do not belong to one cistron; If the two loci cannot complement each other, then the two loci belong to one cistron.

It is the smallest unit of genetic material. A complete transfiguration, which is a prerequisite for the transmission of genetic information, i.e., the correct arrangement of the amino acid order of the polypeptide chain.

Cistronic and gene relationships are related to the definition of genes.

There is a definition of genes that holds that genes are identical with cistronic and are the smallest units of genetic function.

However, another definition holds that the cistronic is a smaller functional unit than a gene, and that a gene contains several functional units of heredity, i.e., the cistronic son.

If you don't strictly distinguish between genes and cis-trans characters, you can look at general biology textbooks, such as molecular biology, genetic engineering, etc., unless otherwise specified, the concept of genes and cis-trans words is the same.

Cistronic is an old name for a gene that is correct

Answer]: Alleles are homologous gene variants located on different chromosomes. According to profiling (RFLP or mutation phenotypic analysis), the gene (genetic unit) is consistent with the locus on the chromosome.

These genetic terms are related to molecular terms. Molecular terms, on the other hand, reflect the utilization of genetic information and the process of gene expression. The unit of gene expression is the transcription unit.

These transcriptional units often may or may not be able to accommodate polypronged protein-translating fragments in prokaryotes or in eukaryotes. A transcription unit that contains a translating unit is called a cistron. The limited range of cistrons can be obtained by complementarity analysis:

The absence of trans-complementation showed that the two mutations occurred in the same transcriptional single large Kaiyuan.

Answer]: 12 Alleles refer to different states of the same gene, usually on homologous chromosomes in different individuals. In genetic mapping (RFLP or mutant phenotyping), genes (genetic units) on chromosomes are equivalent to locus empty headers.

These genetic terms must be combined with molecular biology terminology to reflect the use of genetic information and gene expression. The unit of gene expression is the transcription unit, which in prokaryotes is generally composed of multiple fragments that can be translated into proteins; This is not the case in eukaryotes, where a transcription unit containing only one translation unit is called a cistronic. The cistronic can be identified by complementarity analysis

If the two mutant units cannot be restored by trans complementation experiments, the two mutant units are in the same transcriptional unit.

CistrSN: that is, the structural gene, is the functional unit that determines the synthesis of a polypeptide chain, about a year ago, the American molecular biologist Benze (Benzer) through an in-depth study of the RII region gene of the bacteriophage T4 of Escherichia coli, revealed the fine structure inside the gene. The concept of cistron (cistron) of genes was proposed.

He found that several mutations at different loci can occur within a gene, and if there are mutations at more than two loci within a gene, the phenotypic effects of the cis and trans structures are different. As shown in Figure 1, cis is wild-type, trans is mutant, so the gene is a cistron. Exchanges and recombinations can also occur between these different loci within the gene.

So, a gene is not a mutant unit, nor is it a recombinant unit. Benzer refers to them as mutons and recons, respectively. Obviously, a mutant or recombinant can be as small as a nucleotide pair.

The cistronic concept of genes breaks through the traditional concept of "function, exchange, and mutation" trinity, corrects the long-standing erroneous view that genes are the smallest units that can no longer be divided, and makes people's understanding of genes significantly improved. There is the division of structural genes and regulatory genes, as well as the discovery of overlapping genes and broken genes In the past, people used to think that genes were arranged on chromosomes one after another like rosaries, and they did not overlap each other; A gene is a continuous sequence of nucleotides that cannot be discontinued. The discovery of overlapping genes and broken genes has refreshed these outdated beliefs and raised people's understanding of the structure and function of genes to a new level.

The cistronic is actually an outdated concept, derived from genetics, but works well and can be equated with genes in some cases. The so-called cistronic is a transcription-translation unit, and there is a saying that there is a cistronic peptide chain. This has a certain echo with the saying that one gene and one enzyme in genetics in the past.

First of all, it is necessary to understand how the concept of cistron came about, and this term is used in genetic experiments. Two mutations in a piece of DNA with a cis or trans structure will have different phenotypes of the same trait, which is called a cistron, which is actually an early means to delineate gene boundaries. Because at that time, the understanding of the relationship between genes and phenotypes was very naïve:

One gene—one enzyme—phenotype. Therefore, the definition of cistron also has the meaning that a gene corresponds to a peptide chain, which further standardizes the definition of a gene and an enzyme. (**From the Internet) as shown in the figure:

Imagine if m1m2 were on two translation units, then the cis and trans structures would not present different phenotypes. If m1m2 is on the same translation unit, there will be different phenotypes for the cis and trans structures. But we know today that the behavior and structure of genes are very complex, and there is post-transcriptional processing of RNA, and there is also post-translational processing of peptide chains, a cistronic does not necessarily correspond to a protein (necessarily a structural gene, but not necessarily a complete gene), a gene no longer corresponds to an enzyme or a protein, but is divided into structural genes ** recording RNA or further translating peptide chains), non-structural genes (regulatory functions).

So the cistronic can only happen to be a gene under certain circumstances. Today, in order to avoid confusion, everyone is very cautious about the use of the word transtron. Sometimes, in order to avoid ambiguity, cistronic is artificially defined as another name for genes or translation units when describing structural genes, which is actually far from the concept established based on genetic experiments in those days.

For example, in synthetic biology, when designing a prokaryotic gene circuit, the expression level is often similar"Translation unit (RBS to terminate password)."String together to form a polycistronic son. This is actually a gene cluster by definition, but because it is a prokaryotic organism, it only needs a promoter and a terminator. Such a tandem transcription unit would still be habitually referred to as polycistron.

The common expression is that a cistronic is a gene. Mono-cistronic and polycistronic are gene transcription products that are obtained after the replication of cistron DNA and are not a classification of cistrons. When we talk about cistrons, we say that it is a gene, but when you compile a polypeptide for multiple genes of prokaryotes, you can't say cistron, you have to call it polycistron.

Because of the above situation, the concept of polycistronic is proposed, so that it is necessary to distinguish between single and multiple cisstronic at the mRNA level. The cistronic of the gene itself does not need to be distinguished, which causes the above differences. This is due to the characteristics of eukaryotic genes themselves, eukaryotic genes are monocistronic genes, a type of mRNA encodes only one protein, and prokaryotic genes are characterized by polycistronic genes.

Therefore, eukaryotes use monocistron mRNA<>

Briefly. In most cases, cistronic is synonymous with gene, and at this time it involves a question of the history of science, and the history of the development of genetics has gone through many name changes, especially in the definition of genes, through the development and change of concepts. There are probably four different concepts of morgan, benzer, gilbert and genomic age.

The idea of the recessed socks of the transtron originates from benzer, and based on the cis-reverse effect, it is believed that genes are the smallest functional units that cannot be divided genetically. The current view is obviously flawed, and the contemporary definition of genes by integrating many factors is no longer a single phrase. <>

Genes are nucleotide sequences with genetic effects in the DNA and RNA molecules of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses, and are the basic units of heredity.

Reverse biology refers to the use of recombinant DNA technology and in vitro directed mutagenesis to study the corresponding functions of genes of known structures, mutate genes in vitro, and then introduce them into vivo to detect the genetic effects of mutations, that is, to explore the structure of genes by phenotype.

A cistronic is a sequence of nucleotides that encodes a complete polypeptide chain.

In the modern molecular biology literature, the terms cistronic and gene are used interchangeably. Generally speaking, a cistronic is a gene, about 1500 nucleotides. It is a linear structure consisting of a group of mutant units and recombinant units (because any one gene is a mutant or recombinant).

Thus, the concept of cistronic suggests that a gene is not the smallest unit, it is still separable, and that not all DNA sequences are genes, but only certain specific polynucleotide segments within them are coding regions of genes.

There is no distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes between cisrons and operons. The concept of a cistronic is derived from complementary experiments, and in trans configurations, the region on the chromosome occupied by the individual mutants that cannot complement is called a cistron. Here, the cistronic is a gene in the concept of function, which is synonymous with genes.

The concept of operon emphasizes that a gene can be subdivided, and can be divided into structural genes, regulatory genes, operons, promoters, etc., according to different functions.

The difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that prokaryotes are often polycistronic mRNA, that is, a signal can trigger multiple gene expression (such as lactose operon), while eukaryotes are monocistronic orange mRNA, which is more plasticized and more precise. Laco, LACP, LACZ, and LACI, which are lactose operons, are typical operon elements, which are divided into cis-regulatory elements (usually DNA itself) and trans-acting factors (often DNA-expressing RNA and proteins).

I suggest you take a look at Benjamin. Lein's "Gene 8" introduces this part of the concept very clearly.