What is the concept of unpaired electrons regarding the question of electrons?

According to the principle of lowest energy, electrons always fill the orbital with the lowest energy first when filling the electron shell, so there is generally no space for electrons to move freely between the electron shells within the outer electrons.

If electrons are to move freely between electron layers, there are several possibilities:1Matter is excited by visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, etc., or by an external electric field, etc., and the electrons jump to higher energy orbits, and then return to the orbit they occupied in various ways; 2.

Matter is bombarded by high-speed moving electrons, the inner electrons (such as k and l electrons) are knocked out, leaving holes, and the outer electron transitions fill the holes, releasing X-rays or Auger electrons; 3.At the end of their evolution, medium- and low-mass stars form white dwarfs (the Sun is a low-mass star that eventually evolves into a white dwarf), and the nuclei (C, O, and Ne nuclei) are tightly packed so that all the electrons of the atoms become free electrons, so that the electrons can move freely between the electron shells.

Where does this pressure come from? Even if there were, the molecules would break down into monoatoms.

There must be yes, when the metal is energized, the electrons will move in an orderly and directional manner, so as to conduct electricity, and there are also elements such as semiconductors (such as silicon) in non-metals, as well as graphite, which can conduct electricity, in other words, there are electrons that move in a directional manner.

<> method of judging the number of unpaired electrons of an atom: 1 2 (the number of valence electrons of the central atom + the number of ligands) the outermost electron land number of the element in the compound minus the absolute valence value, and then divide by 2. Such as nh?

Nitrogen has 5 electrons in its outermost shell, the valency is -3, and the unpaired electrons are 2, i.e., one pair. In molecular orbitals, only a single finch is rented with electron complexes, and no electron pairs are formed. Because pairs of electrons are relatively stable, pairs of electrons are relatively rare in chemistry, while atoms with unpaired electrons are more likely to react.

In organic chemistry, unpaired electrons are often used in free radicals to explain numerous chemical reactions.

1，ic=

2, ic=

3, The amount of change in IB and IC is 25 and 2m =2m 25 = 80, respectively

In the series crystal voltage regulator circuit, the adjustment tube is in the conduction state during the normal voltage stabilization process.

There are so many questions. There are too few points.

The absence of electricity means that the electronic activity in the battery is gone, and the electrodes of the electrons are still there, so the voltage is still there, and as for the others, there are too many problems、、、