The structure of chemical substances, what is called the structure of matter

Ethylene: CH2=CH2, all atoms are coplanar, bond angle 120°; Easy addition, oxidation, reducible, flammable; Industrial raw materials, organic synthesis raw materials, etc. Benzene: all atoms are coplanar, and 6 c's are in a regular hexagon; Easy to replace, can oxidize, difficult to add; as a solvent, etc. Ethanol:

Ch3CH2OH C and O are both sp3 hybridized; reductiveness; Medical disinfection, edible, solvents, etc. Acetic acid: CH3COOH; Acidity; Chemical raw materials, etc. Sugar: polyhydroxyaldehydes and ketones; reducibility, ring-forming, etc.; Raw materials for edible and polysaccharide production Oils:

fatty acid glycerides; properties of esters; Proteins: condensation polymers of amino acids with a special three-dimensional structure; denaturation, specific recognition, etc.; Build specific functions of biological tissues.

Ethylene molecular formula C2H4, structure simple formula ch2=ch2 has two carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms in the same plane, and they bond at an angle of 120 degrees to each other.

Ethylene is prepared by mixing alcohol and dissolving sulfuric acid and heating to 170 degrees

ch3-ch2-oh———ch2=ch2|+H2O170 degrees, dissolved H2SO4

1.Ethylene can undergo an addition reaction with bromine water: h h

c2h4+br2———h-c--c-h

The br br product is colorless 1,2 dibromoethylene.

2.Oxidation reaction:

c2h4+3o2———2co2+2h2o

3.Polymerization reaction:

nch2=ch2———ch2-ch2]n

Catalyst Benzene, also known as "Tianna water", English name is benzene, molecular formula C6H6, molecular weight, relative density (lighter than water, and insoluble in water, so it can float on the water surface.

The melting point of benzene is that the boiling point is and the ignition point is, and it is a colorless and transparent liquid at room temperature and pressure, and has a strong special aromatic odor. Therefore, benzene is easy to burn when exposed to heat, open flame, and the maximum limit of benzene vapor and air mixture is. Under normal conditions, the vapor density of benzene is , vapor pressure )

Benzene is a commonly used organic solvent, insoluble in water, miscible with ethanol, chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, glacial acetic acid, acetone, oil, etc., so it is often used as an intermediate and solvent in the synthesis of chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Benzene can react violently with oxidants, such as bromine pentafluoride, chlorine, chromium trioxide, perchloric acid, nitric acid, oxygen, ozone, perchlorate, (aluminum trichloride + fluorine perchlorate), (sulfuric acid + permanganate), potassium peroxide, (aluminum perchlorate + acetic acid), sodium peroxide, etc.

The structure of matter refers to the way in which matter is arranged and organized internally. In chemistry and physics, the structure of matter mainly involves the structure of molecules, atoms, and crystals, which have a very important impact on the properties and behavior of matter.

Molecular structure refers to a separate compound formed by a certain number of atoms combined in a specific way, such as water or glucose molecules. The specific arrangement of the molecular structure determines its chemical properties and also affects its physical properties such as density, boiling point, melting point, etc.

Atomic structure refers to the arrangement of electron clouds in atoms, including parameters such as energy levels, orbitals, and filling order. The structure of atoms indicates their chemical properties and reactive ability as the electrons in an atom are able to determine the interaction of an atom with other atoms.

A crystal structure is a three-dimensional structure formed by a large number of atoms, ions, or molecules organized in a specific way, with regular periodicity and symmetry. The structure of a crystal affects its properties such as hardness, transparency, thermal conductivity, etc. The structure of a crystal also defines its chemical and physical interactions with other objects.

In conclusion, the structure of matter is the way in which matter is arranged and organized internally. Different material structures determine the properties and behaviors of substances, so the study of material structures is of great value in theory and application.

For chemistry, the structure and properties of substances should be simpler than organic, so I send some answer templates and fixed routines.

Take the question as an example. (1) Silicon is homogeneous with carbon, and there are also series of hydrides, but silanes are far less than alkanes in terms of types and quantities, because the carbon-carbon single bond and carbon-hydrogen bond are strong, and the alkane formed is stable, while the bond energy of silicon-silicon single bond and silicon-hydrogen bond in silane is low and easy to break, resulting in the formation of long-chain silane.

Note: When encountering such a and considering the strength of the valence bond, it is related to the bond length and bond angle (if you are afraid of answering wrong, you can only write the key) The bond energy is large and stable; The bond energy is small and unstable.

2) NF is not easy to form a coordination bond with Cu2+, but it can form [Cu(NH3)4]2+ (tetraammonia copper ion), because the nitrogen atom of electronegative F>N>H, NH is -3 valence, while in NF nitrogen is +3 valence, which is highly electron-deficient and is not easy to provide electrons to copper ions to form a coordination bond.

Note: Compared with the size of electronegativity like this, it is still relatively small.

3) Manganese and calcium belong to the same period, but the melting and boiling point of manganese metal is higher than that of calcium, because the atomic radius of manganese is small and there are many valence electrons, and the metal bond is strong.

Note: If you test metal, you generally test metal bonds, metal bonds and atomic radius are related to the number of valence electrons, the atomic radius is small, the number of valence electrons is more, and the metal bond is stronger.

4) Flame color reaction: The electrons outside the nucleus of the nucleus are arranged in a certain orbital order, and the farther the orbital is from the nucleus, the higher the energy. When burning, the electron gains energy and jumps from the inner orbital to another orbital, and the electron that jumps to the new orbital is in an unstable state, and it randomly jumps back to the original orbital and releases energy to the outside world.

Light energy)5) The angle between the h-n-h bonds in [Cu(nH3)4]2+ is greater than that between the h-n-h in the ammonia molecule, because during the formation of [Cu(nH3)4]2+, the lone electrons of the nitrogen atom in ammonia form coordination bonds with copper ions, which are converted into bond-forming electron pairs, and the repulsion to other bond-forming electron pairs is reduced, so the bond angle increases.

6) The thermal decomposition temperature of CaC is less than that of SRCo3 (strontium carbonate), because the atomic radius of calcium ions is smaller than that of strontium ions, and the lattice energy of Cao is greater than that of SRO lattice energy, so calcium carbonate is easier to decompose.

7) The reason why NICL has a higher melting point than NaCl is that the more charge and the smaller the radius of the ion, the greater the lattice energy and the higher the melting point.

Note: For ionic crystals, answer the question from the perspective of lattice energy.

To sum up, ask the question about the melting and boiling point of a molecular crystal from the perspective of van der Waals force and hydrogen bonding, and ask about the bond energy of other molecular crystals. Metal crystals are answered from metal bonds, and ionic crystals are answered from ionic bonds, and lattice can be answered.

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Chemical structural formula, structural formula is a formula that expresses the arrangement and binding of atoms in the molecules of compounds (or elementals) with element symbols and **, and is a simple way to describe the structure of molecules. Different structural formulas and the same chemical formula are not necessarily the same substance, and their properties are often different. The phenomenon that things have the same molecular formula but have different structures is called isomerism; Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures are isomers of each other.

Chemical Structure.

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Chemical structural formula, structural formula is a formula that expresses the arrangement and binding of atoms in the molecules of compounds (or elementals) with element symbols and **, and is a simple way to describe the structure of molecules. Different structural formulas and the same chemical formula are not necessarily the same substance, and their properties are often different. The phenomenon that things have the same molecular formula but have different structures is called isomerism; Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures are isomers of each other.

Good. The molecular formula of isopropanol is C3H3O, and the structural formula is (CH3)2-CHOH, which is an isomer of n-propanol CH3-CH3-CH2-CH2OH. Wood alcohol structure simplified:

CH3OH, glycol structure formula Ho-CH2-CH2-OH molecular formula C2H6O2, glycerol structure simplified formula is HoCH2CH(OH)CH2OH, dimethyl molecular formula: C6H15NSI, isopropanol, alpha acrylic ether, olefin, allyl alcohol, sec-butyl.

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Uh-huh. The answer is complete.

Yes, dear.

1.Every carbon atom in benzene is sp2 hybridized, and there are 4 electrons in the outermost shell of benzene, and now only 3 are used, so there is still 1 left in the p orbital, and the 6 carbon atoms are not left with 6 electrons, forming a delocalized bond. The p orbitals are perpendicular to each other.

2。Bond length: The equilibrium distance between the nuclei of two bonding atoms A and B The larger the atomic radius, the longer the bond is, of course.

3.The van der Waals force includes dispersion force, orientation force, induction force, generally speaking, between polar molecules and polar molecules, orientation force, inducing force, and dispersion force all exist; Between polar molecules and non-polar molecules, there are induction and dispersion forces; Between non-polar and non-polar molecules, only dispersion forces exist. The proportional magnitude of these three types of forces is determined by the polarity and deformability of the interacting molecules.

The greater the polarity, the more important the role of the orientation force; The greater the deformability, the more important the dispersion force is; Induction is related to both factors. But for most molecules, the dispersion force is the main one. The magnitude of the intermolecular forces can be reflected in the interaction energy.

The greater the relative mass, the more work you have to do to overcome it, that is, the greater the relative mass, the stronger the van der Waals force.

4.The essence of hydrogen bonding is the electrostatic attraction between the hydrogen nucleus on a strong polar bond (a-h) and the electronegative atom b with lone electron pairs and partial negative charge. So the greater the electronegativity, the smaller the radius and the stronger the hydrogen bond.

Because the smaller the radius, the easier it is to approach the atom.

1. The carbon in benzene is sp2 hybridized, leaving an unhybridized p orbital, and that orbital is a p orbital perpendicular to the plane.

2. There is no why, the bond length is the distance between the two nuclei, and the large radius of the bond length is of course large 3. The larger the relative molecular mass, the more the number of charges, and the greater the dispersion force, and the van der Waals force is mainly the dispersion force. There is attraction between charged ions, and the greater the polarity, the more partial the charge.

4. The greater the electronegativity, the stronger the attraction of the nucleus to the electron, and the smaller the radius, the stronger the attraction to the electron. It can be deduced from the Coulomb formula.

I forgot a little that this is all about college chemistry, so you can read the book!

a. Vitamin C

b. Benzohalobenzene, which can also be called benzocome.

c. Polychlorinated -2,3,5,6-dibenzo-1,4-dioxane.

D. (2R,3R,4S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyvaleraldehyde, commonly known as ribose.

-D-galactopyranose, abbreviated as -galactose.

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