Why does water evaporate and why does water turn into water vapor?

Natural evaporation of water.

H2O is between 0 and 100 and is our most common liquid, water, which also has the composition and properties of the aforementioned liquid.

One oxygen and two hydrogen atoms combine to form two linked structural elements to form a water molecule, which is the basic unit of water. In these structural elements, the rotation lines of valence and electrons are not in a stable plane, but twist in a certain angle range when rotating, so the direction of their electromagnetic force is unstable, and the water molecules are squeezed together into chains and clumps, and the time is in time.

Water contains a small number of oxygen molecules, and fish live on the oxygen in the water, which sometimes combines with the hydrogen in H2O and displaces the oxygen, thereby increasing the vitality of the water and increasing the valence and electron rate of some molecules in the water. The valence and electron rates in the oxygen molecule are much higher than those in the hydrogen-oxygen structural elements in the water, and these valence and electrons enter the water, so that the structural elements of the two rings formed by the combination of monooxide and dihydrogen have a peanut-shaped full shell, and the repulsion force pushes the distance between them and the surrounding water molecules, rises into the air, and forms water vapor. This is the natural evaporation of water.

An important condition for the natural evaporation of water is to be in full contact with the air, so the water in the small bottle naturally evaporates slowly, and the water in the dish naturally evaporates quickly. When the air flows quickly, the chance of oxygen in the air entering the water increases, and the oxygen content in the water increases, which accelerates the natural evaporation of water. Clothes that dry on windy days dry quickly, that's the reason.

When the temperature is low, the oxygen in the air decreases from time to time, and the line of valence and operation is broken by a rugby ball, forming a drum-shaped, and the electromagnetic force at the breach is used to visit the water, so that the oxygen content in the water increases; When the temperature is high, the oxygen rate in the water accelerates, and the oxygen structure repulsion increases and escapes from the water, so that the oxygen content in the water decreases. Therefore, on hot and sultry days, fish often feel a lack of oxygen.

This is explained in terms of molecular kinematics. The distance between the molecules of the liquid is relatively large, so the intermolecular gravitational force is weaker. So there are always molecules on the surface of the liquid that will escape from the gravitational pull between the molecules. On a macro level, it's evaporation.

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Water vapor is a gaseous state of water that is colorless.

Formation of water vapor].

When the temperature of water exceeds 100 degrees Celsius (or above the boiling point), the water molecules absorb enough internal energy to convert it into a repulsive force that breaks free from the constraints of the molecules, and the distance between the molecules begins to increase, and the water changes from liquid to gaseous water. This gaseous water does not contain any other substances and is theoretically distilled water (the air contains impurities) also known as water vapor.

When water is below the boiling point, water can also slowly evaporate into water vapor.

When heated, the water absorbs energy, breaking the hydrogen bonds and intermolecular forces between the water molecules, making the liquid water gaseous.

This is the kinetic energy generated by the thermal movement of water molecules to break free from the gravitational force between molecules and get out of the surface of water, such as the electron beam vacuum coating technology in the electronics industry is to use this principle, the magnetron beam of the electron beam is used to bombard the surface of the source target, so that the source surface quickly produces thermal motion at high temperature, so that the source material molecules evaporate to the surface of the wafer (as electrode leads or alloy substrates).

Because when water encounters heat, it will become very small, very small water droplets, and the small water droplets will float up and become steam, and there are many small water droplets composed of floating on the Internet, and the steam collection will become white clouds. When enough water vapor accumulates, it will turn into dark clouds and rain. There is no schematic diagram for the time being.

When the temperature of water exceeds 100 degrees Celsius (or above the boiling point), the water molecules absorb enough internal energy to convert it into a repulsive force that breaks free from the constraints of the molecules, and the distance between the molecules begins to increase, and the water changes from a liquid state to a gaseous state.

Water evaporates because the water molecules are in motion, and the spaces between the molecules become larger. When the water molecules on the surface of the water move, the voids of the water molecules become larger, and they change from liquid to gaseous, and they will run into the voids of the air, which is the evaporation of water.

Evaporation and boiling are both vaporization phenomena and are two different ways of vaporization. Posture re-evaporation is the vaporization process of rolling pants on the surface of the liquid, and boiling is the violent vaporization phenomenon that occurs both inside and on the surface of the liquid. In general, the higher the temperature and the greater the exposed area of the liquid surface, the faster the evaporation rate.

The factors that cause water to evaporate are:

1. Solar radiation.

Solar radiation directly supplies the energy required for evaporation, especially for water surface evaporation, solar radiation is almost always used for evaporation, so solar radiation is the main factor affecting evaporation. There are diurnal, seasonal, and interannual variations in solar radiation, and water surface evaporation changes accordingly with these changes.

2. Temperature. As the water temperature increases, the water molecules move faster, making it easier for them to escape from the water, so the amount of evaporation from the water surface increases as the water surface temperature increases. The main factor that directly affects the water temperature is the air temperature, so the change in air temperature will affect the change in the evaporation of the water surface.

However, due to the complexity of the influencing factors of water surface evaporation, the change of air temperature is sometimes not very consistent with the law of water surface evaporation.

3. Humidity. The humidity of the atmosphere above the water surface increases, the number of water vapor molecules increases, and the saturated water vapor pressure difference decreases, and the smaller the water vapor pressure difference between the water surface and the atmosphere, the slower the speed at which water molecules escape from the water surface. Therefore, under the same conditions, the lower the humidity of the air, the greater the evaporation from the water surface.

At the same time, the change in humidity is also very closely related to the temperature.

4. Water vapor pressure difference.

The water vapor pressure difference is the difference between the water vapor pressure on the water surface and the atmospheric water vapor pressure at a certain height above the water surface. In general, the denser the air, the greater the number of water vapor molecules per unit volume, and the greater the water vapor pressure; Conversely, the water vapor pressure is smaller. The greater the water vapor pressure in the atmosphere, the smaller the water vapor pressure difference between the water surface and the atmosphere, and the smaller the evaporation of the water surface, which is basically consistent with the effect of humidity change on evaporation.

5. Wind speed. Wind can strengthen the convection and exchange between the air, so that the water vapor molecules above the water surface are constantly carried away, so as to ensure that the evaporation surface and the air always maintain a certain water vapor pressure difference, so that the evaporation continues. Within a certain range, the greater the wind speed, the faster the air flow, the more conducive to the convection and exchange of water vapor in the air, thereby increasing the water vapor pressure difference at the water vapor interface, and the more conducive to the evaporation of the water surface.

However, when the wind speed reaches a certain level, the evaporation of the water surface tends to stabilize, and the impact is relatively small. At the same time, when cold air arrives, the increase in wind speed not only does not promote evaporation on the water surface, but on the contrary reduces evaporation and even leads to condensation.

The essence of evaporation is the molecular movement of water molecules, any molecule is generally manifested as moving from a place with a high concentration to a place with a low concentration, and the density of water molecules in water is definitely greater than that of water molecules in the air, so the water molecules move towards the air side of the contact surface between water and air, resulting in the decrease of water molecules in liquid water, and the increase of water molecules in the air.

Moisture in the atmosphere is often unsaturated, so both oceans and land slowly evaporate from the underlying surface and enter the atmosphere. The phenomenon of evaporation in nature is quite complex, and the main factors affecting the evaporation rate are: water source; Heat; saturation difference; Wind speed and turbulent diffusion intensity.

1.Headwaters. There can be no evaporation without water, so open water, snow, ice or moist soil, and plants are the basic conditions for evaporation to occur. In the desert, the evaporation potential is high, but the actual evaporation is very small, because there is almost no water to evaporate.

2.Heat; Evaporation must consume heat, and if there is no heat supply during the evaporation process, the evaporation surface will gradually cool, so that the water vapor pressure on the evaporation surface will be reduced, so that the evaporation will slow down or gradually stop. Therefore, the rate of evaporation is largely determined by the heat supply.

3.saturation difference; All other factors being equal, the evaporation rate is directly proportional to the saturation difference. Strictly speaking, the saturated water vapor pressure here should be calculated from the temperature of the evaporation surface, but it is usually replaced by the saturated water vapor pressure at a certain air temperature.

4.Wind speed and turbulent diffusion. When there is no wind, the water vapor on the evaporation surface is diffused by molecules alone, and the water vapor pressure decreases slowly, and the saturation difference is small, so the evaporation is slow.

When there is wind, the turbulence intensifies, and the water vapor on the evaporation surface is rapidly dispersed to the vast space with the wind and turbulence, and the water vapor pressure on the evaporation surface decreases and increases rapidly, the saturation difference increases, and the evaporation accelerates.