The third dynasty of Xia Shang was the glorious period of China s bronze civilization, and archaeolo

Common features: Bronze itself is closely integrated with royal power, getting rid of the impression of rough production technology and few styles in the past, and is widely used by nobles.

Popular in the late Neolithic period to the Qin and Han dynasties, the Xia, Shang and Zhou artifacts are the most exquisite. The first to appear were small tools or ornaments, and bronze vessels and weapons began to appear in the Xia Dynasty.

In the middle of the Shang Dynasty, the varieties of bronze ware were already very rich, and inscriptions and fine patterns appeared, and the late Shang period to the early Western Zhou Dynasty was the heyday of the development of bronze ware.

There are various types of vessels, thick and dignified, the inscriptions are gradually lengthened, and the patterns are rich and rich. Subsequently, the bronze carcass began to become thinner, the ornamentation was gradually simplified, and from the late Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States period, due to the popularization and use of ironware, copper tools became less and less.

The third dynasty of the Xia and Shang dynasties was called the Bronze Age by historians because of its high achievements in bronze craftsmanship.

According to archaeological findings, in the early Shang Dynasty, the ruins of the Yin Shang period, such as Erligang in Zhengzhou, Liuli Pavilion in Huixian County, and Donggangou in Luoyang, belonged to this era; In the later period of the Shang Dynasty, with Xiaotun Village in Anyang as the center, the upper layer of the Zhengzhou Park Area, the Taishan Temple ruins and tombs in Luoyang belonged to this era; In the early period of the Zhou Dynasty (Western Zhou Dynasty), it mainly represents the tombs of the Western Zhou Dynasty in Fenghao Village, Xi'an City, and Baoji; In the autumn period of the spring state, Luoyang Jianbin (Jianbin) is the center, Shangcun Lingyu Tomb, Xinzheng Zheng Tomb, and Shouxian Caihou Tomb are the representatives of this period; During the Warring States Period, Luoyang Jianbin was the center, Huixian Liulige, Guwei Village, Changsha and Tangshan Warring States cemeteries belonged to this era.

According to the latest excavation results, southern China also entered the Bronze Age in the early Shang Dynasty, the most representative of which are the Sanxingdui ruins in Sichuan, the Panlong City ruins in Wuhan, Hubei, the Tanheli ruins in Changsha, Hunan, and the Shang Dynasty tombs in Xingan, Jiangxi, which confirm that there was also a developed bronze civilization in the Yangtze River Basin.

Presentation of bronze

Bronze is an alloy of red copper and tin or lead, and is called bronze because of its oxide color blue-gray. Due to the relatively low melting point of bronze, it is about 800; The hardness is high, more than twice that of copper or tin, so it is easy to melt and cast. At the beginning of the Bronze Age, the proportion of bronze tools was small, or even mainly stone tools, and the proportion gradually increased in the middle and late periods.

With the advent of bronze and the consequent increase, the level of productivity in agriculture and handicrafts increased, and the material conditions of life gradually became richer. The invention of bronze casting, compared to the Stone Age, played an epoch-making role.

The ceremonial nature of the bronzes of the third dynasty of the Xia and Shang dynasties determines its special status.

The Xia Dynasty began to have bronze vessels and weapons. By the middle Shang period, the variety of bronzes was already abundant, and inscriptions and fine patterns appeared. From the late Shang period to the early Western Zhou Dynasty, it was the heyday of the development of bronze ware.

Bronze ritual vessels are used by slave owners and nobles for ceremonial activities such as sacrifices, banquets, court appointments, conquests and funerals, etc., to represent the identity and power of the user, and are the treasures of the country. There are many kinds of bronze ritual vessels, huge quantities, and exquisite craftsmanship, and their existence is a distinctive feature of ancient Chinese bronzes.

1.Smelting technology improved the further refinement of the slave society.

2.The productive forces determine the relations of production, and the development of the means of production has increased the productive forces, which further led to the collapse of the primitive commune and private ownership.

Rapid development, class divisions are more clear. The means of production are in the hands of a few, and the other proletarians can only obtain the necessities of life in the form of personal dependence.

1. The foundation is the development of the level of productivity.

2. There is no contradiction between the two. The bronze civilization shows that the level of productivity of human society is progressing, human civilization is developing, and the slavery system is the stage of the development of social form, and it is also the historical stage of the formation of the level of productivity to a certain extent. However, it was precisely because large-scale slaves could be organized to work that large bronze objects were cast and bronze civilization was achieved.

The ritual nature of the bronzes of the third dynasty of the Xia and Shang dynasties determines its special status and artistic spirit, determines that it deifies people and ghosts, puts people under the majesty of ghosts, and exalts divinity on the basis of extreme debasement of human nature. Shape.

Xia, the Wood Age, has not dug up the cultural relics of the Xia Dynasty so far, so some people think that the Xia Dynasty is just a legendary dynasty.

China's Shang Dynasty was the beginning of China's entry into the Iron Age, at this time it was mainly bronze, the most famous is Simu Wuding, at this time there are very few bronzes unearthed, and the workmanship will certainly not be too good.

The Zhou Dynasty, the early stage is not clear, it is said that after the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, during the Spring and Autumn Period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and the Warring States Period, the bronze ware at this time began to develop into various daily necessities. For example, the toilet bowl of the husband, all kinds of tripods, mustaches, wine glasses, utensils, knife coins, ** all kinds of things. The Zhou Dynasty was basically the late period of Chinese bronze, and the vassal state of Qin at that time already had the appearance of iron tools.