What are electrons moving around atoms?

It is generally said that "molecules move randomly."", i.e., Brownian motion.

Electrons are in quantized energy levels and corresponding orbitals in isolated atoms. When it jumps between different energy levels, it will emit or absorb electromagnetic waves, and the energy of the electromagnetic wave is the energy of the energy level difference; If it were just movement at the instinct level, there would be no electromagnetic waves. As for when electrons will "jump", this involves the specific mechanism of quantum mechanics, and if you want to figure it out, you can continue to go deeper.

Heh, the electrons move on an "orbit" of a specific radius. The reason I use quotation marks is that the electron in the microscopic state already does not quite match reality, because it does not have a specific fixed trajectory. The radius of the "orbital" of the electrons in the atom is quantized, and can only take a specific value, whether it is large or small, and it will radiate electromagnetic waves of a fixed frequency.

However, because the radius of the "orbit" is taken at a certain value, the electrons reach a stable state and do not radiate electromagnetic waves.

An energized solenoid is directly connected to a charged capacitor and emits electromagnetic waves, a phenomenon called "electromagnetic oscillation".

The electron cloud, the electrons are quantized, so its trajectory will not be continuous, they bounce in the region near the nucleus, and the probability of an electron appearing in different regions is different!

Irregular movement that never stops. I don't know anything else, but I pay attention to it in class.

Scientists have discovered in the laboratory that there is a phenomenon of entanglement of electrons in atoms. Thus the electrons in the atom move in pairs and irregularly, interdependent and mutually repellent.

It is based on their own laws of motion, and there are laws to follow. This law is still being explored, and there will be many secrets.

Atoms are made up of the nucleus and electrons outside the nucleus. The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons, and electrons move around the nucleus in some specific stable orbits within the atom. Since electrons are arranged in layers outside the nucleus, how are they distributed in different electron layers when there are several electrons?

We divide the electron shell into ...... the first and second layers of electrons from the nucleusLayer 7 (or represented by k, l, m, n, o, p, q). The energy of the electron shell near the nucleus is low, and the energy of the electron shell far from the nucleus is high, and the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the nth electron shell is 2n2 (e.g., the first layer can hold up to 2*1 2=2, and the second layer can hold up to 2*2 2=8).

According to the principle of lowest energy, electrons always preferentially occupy the electron shell with low energy (e.g. c, 6 electrons out of which 2 occupy the k shell first, and then 4 occupy the l shell). The number of outermost electrons cannot exceed 8, and the number of subouter electrons cannot exceed 18......

According to Hunt's rule, the electron shell is relatively stable when it is in a fully full and empty state (I won't talk about half full for now, because I'm talking about the electron shell here, not an orbital such as spd).

Take the sodium atom as an example:

Its extranuclear electronic configuration is k2 l8 m1

For the outermost shell to reach a fully stable structure, either lose 1 electron to become K2 M8 or gain 7 electrons to become K2 M8 L8, it is much easier to lose 1 electron than to get 7 electrons, so the sodium atom is prone to lose 1 electron. After losing 1 electron, the number of electrons in the sodium atom is 1 less than the number of nuclear charges (proton number), and it has 1 unit positive charge and becomes a sodium ion (Na+).

Take the chlorine atom as an example:

Its extranuclear electronic configuration is K2 l8 m7

To achieve a fully stable structure in the outermost shell, either lose 7 electrons to become K2 M8 or gain 1 electron to become K2 M8 L8, it is much more difficult to lose 7 electrons than to get 1 electron, so the chlorine atom easily gets 1 electron. The number of electrons in the chlorine atom is 1 more than the number of nuclear charges (protons) after gaining 1 electron, and it has a negative charge of 1 unit and becomes a chloride ion (Cl-).

Take carbon atoms as an example:

Its extranuclear electronic configuration is K2 L4

To achieve a fully stable structure in the outermost shell, either lose 4 electrons to become K2, or get 4 electrons to become K2 M8, it is more difficult to lose 4 electrons, and it is more difficult to get 4 electrons, so it is not easy for carbon atoms to form ions, but it is easy to share electrons with other atoms to achieve the stable structure of 8 electrons in the outermost shell.

In an atom, 1 electron with 1 unit negative charge, 1 proton with 1 unit positive charge, and the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons outside the nucleus, so the atom is not charged. An atom becomes an ion after gaining and losing electrons: the electrons gained by an atom are negatively charged, called anions, and the electrons lost by atoms are positively charged, called cations.

Ions are charged atoms or clusters of atoms.

The motion of electrons in an atom has the following characteristics:

1.Quantization: According to the description of quantum mechanics, the motion of electrons in an atom is quantized, which means that electrons can only exist at specific energy levels or orbitals, and these energy levels are known as energy levels.

Electrons transitioning between different energy levels require a specific amount of energy to be absorbed or released.

2.Orbital motion: According to the concept of the Bohr model, the motion of electrons in an atom can be analogous to orbital motion around the core.

However, quantum mechanics points out that this orbital motion is not the motion of particles on a definite path in the traditional sense, but the probability distribution of electrons in orbit.

3.State superposition: Depending on the electron-wave-particle duality, electrons may exhibit particle and wave properties.

In an atom, electrons are not strictly moving along an orbit but are in a wave function of state superposition. This makes it impossible for the position and momentum of the electrons to be precisely determined at the same time.

4.Wave function: The state of motion of electrons in an atom is described by the wave function, which is determined according to the Schrödinger equation. The square of the wave function represents the probability of finding an electron at a given location. This form of probability distribution is called the orbital of the electron.

5.Energy Level Structure: The energy level structure of an electron in an atom determines the energy and allowable orbits of the electron. Electronically filled energy levels, following Pauli's incompatibility principle, Wool Pants and Oka rules.

Together, these cavity points make up the quantum properties of the electron's motion in the atom. The introduction of quantum mechanics has enriched our understanding of atomic structure and helped us explain chemical and physical phenomena, while also having a profound impact on technology and applications.

The classical physical model of the atom is that the electrons move around the nucleus, and the centripetal force of the electrons is provided by the Coulomb force between the electrons and the protons. Electrons do not move at the speed of light around the nucleus. The motion of electrons is not depicted in detail by the classical physics of rail motion.

In fact, the idea that electrons "move around the nucleus" is not good in itself. The idea of motion around the nucleus is only a comparison of the spectacle of classical physics, but it encounters substantial difficulties.

For example, if the orbital radius of an electron could theoretically be continuous according to this basic theory, this would be at odds with the discrete variable spectrometer of the molecule. In fact, it was precisely the diligence of trying to deal with this divergence exactly 100 years ago that immediately led to the development trend of physics. Physics, on the other hand, has a much more complicated way of saying this.

In short, physics thinks that quantities that can be detected are interesting, and all the laws of physics should only be created in the basic form of parameters that can be accurately measured.

Therefore, the structure of the hydrogen atom, i.e. the rotation of electrons around the nucleus, can only be expressed in quantities that can be monitored. Electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom, but they don't move in the same way as a large planet orbits a planet. The trajectory of the electron's operation is uncertain and not continuous.

What is commonly referred to as the electron operating rail is the traditional narrative of the probabilistic density function of electrons in the space outside the nucleus. Electrons occur in the form of probability waves in the outer space of the nucleus, like a cloud densely spread around the nucleus, which is vividly called an electron cloud.

The velocity of electrons cannot reach the speed of light in any case, and people cannot accurately measure the actual situation of electrons, only to describe them by chance! And the vast majority of the light you see is released in the whole process of electron kinetic energy migration, for example, the basic principle of sunlight and bright light is like this! Don't compare the structure of atoms to the structure of the planets of the solar system, these two structures are completely different, and there is no comparison!

No; In general, it is impossible for an electron to reach the speed of light, and the speed at which an electron orbits and orbits an atom depends mainly on the orbit in which the electron is located.

It is impossible for electrons to move around an atom at the speed of light because the battery is very small and it has almost zero rest mass, so it is impossible for a battery to move around the nucleus at the speed of light.

According to current scientific research, electrons do not move around the nucleus, but wrap around the nucleus in the form of a probabilistic cloud.