Do electrons have orbitals around the nucleus?

In classical mechanics, it is an irregular motion according to the atomic cloud

The orbital orbit of the electrons revolving around the nucleus is elliptical.

Classical electromagnetic theory holds that the orbit of an electron revolving around the nucleus of an atom is circular. The theory of the expansion of the earth holds that the orbit of electrons revolving around the nucleus of an atom is not circular, but elliptical.

The laws of nature tell us that the laws of formation of both the microcosm and the macrocosm are the same and have their commonalities.

Mankind has been studying the solar system for a long time. In the study of the solar system, it has been found that the solar system, the Milky Way, and the atom have a lot in common. This shows that the solar system is a microcosm of the Milky Way, an enlargement of atoms, and we can study the formation, structure and properties of the Milky Way and atoms by studying the solar system.

Commonalities of atoms, solar systems, galaxies:

1. Nuclear spin; rotation of the sun; The silver core rotates.

2. Electron spin; the rotation of the planets that revolve around the Sun; The rotation of a star revolving around a silver nucleus.

3. Electrons revolve around the nucleus; The planets revolve around the sun; Stars orbit around the silver nucleus.

4. The orbit of the electron around the nucleus is elliptical; The orbits of the planets of the solar system are elliptical; The orbit of the star around the silver nucleus is elliptical.

5. The nucleus of the atom has a magnetic field; The sun has a magnetic field; Silver cores have a magnetic field.

6. Electrons have a magnetic field; Planets revolving around the Sun have magnetic fields; Stars orbiting the silver nucleus have magnetic fields.

7. The direction of the magnetic field of the nucleus is perpendicular to the direction of spin; The direction of the sun's magnetic field is perpendicular to the direction of rotation; The direction of the magnetic field of the silver nucleus is perpendicular to the direction of rotation.

8. The direction of the magnetic field of the electron is perpendicular to the direction of spin; The direction of the magnetic field and the direction of rotation of the planets revolving around the Sun are perpendicular to the direction of rotation; The direction of the magnetic field and rotation of the star revolving around the silver nucleus are perpendicular to the direction of rotation.

9. When the electrons rotate around the nucleus, they are sometimes close to the nucleus, and sometimes far away from the nucleus, which indicates that the orbit of the electron around the nucleus has perihelion and aphelion, and the orbit is elliptical; The orbits of planets revolving around the Sun have perihelion and aphelion, and the orbits are elliptical; The orbit of a star around the silver nucleus has perihelion and aphelion, and the orbit is elliptical.

10. The density of electrons near the nucleus is large, and the density of electrons at the distance of the nucleus is small; The density of planets at perihelion is high, and the density of planets at aphelion is small; Stars have a high density at the near galactic core and stars have a low density at the far galactic core.

There are so many commonalities between atoms, solar systems, and the Milky Way, which shows that the formation laws of atoms, solar systems, and milky ways are the same, and their properties are the same.

The theory of the Earth's expansion holds that since the solar system and atoms share so many common properties, and the orbits of the planets are elliptical, the orbits of the electrons revolving around the nucleus should also be elliptical.

This is from the fact that when the electrons rotate around the nucleus, sometimes they are close to the nucleus, sometimes far from the nucleus; The density of electrons is high near the nucleus, and the density of electrons at the distance of the nucleus can also be seen. We know that planets orbit the Sun sometimes close to the Sun and sometimes farther away from the Sun; Planets are denser near the Sun and planets are less dense at the far end of the Sun, just as electrons. Therefore, since the orbit of the planet is elliptical, the orbit of the electrons as they revolve around the nucleus must also be elliptical.

The circular motion of a macroscopic object around a certain center is an accelerated motion, but the high-speed motion of electrons outside the nucleus cannot simply apply the experience of Newtonian mechanics in the application of macroscopic mechanics, and it is necessary to introduce quantum mechanical explanations, and the motion of electrons around the nucleus does not matter whether it is accelerated or not, and the focus is on the four quantum numbers of the electron moving outside the nucleus. Because electrons can easily get energy from the outside world, the rotation of electrons around the nucleus will be accelerated, and at the same time, it is easy to lose energy and their energy level will decrease.

Because the nucleus is positively charged and the electrons are negatively charged, they are attracted to each other and the electrons are bound around the nucleus. The electron itself carries energy, and it is constantly moving irregularly around the nucleus, and the kind of electron cloud ** in our junior high school chemistry is the description of the irregular motion of electrons. The space between the electron and the nucleus is relatively large, and the electrons themselves are moving, so they are not attracted to the nucleus.

The electron is quantum, there is no question of who revolves around it, it just appears randomly around the nucleus, and the position is not fixed and cannot be **. At the same time, electrons have no mass, so there is no such thing as gravity. It does not come into contact with the nucleus around the atom, it is purely due to energy, the greater the energy, the farther away from the nucleus, and to a certain extent, it will break away from the atom and become free electrons, which is the case with the photoelectric effect.

Conversely, the lower the energy of the electron, the closer it is to the nucleus, but the nucleus is too small for the chance of the electron hitting the nucleus.

The nucleus is an independent body of matter, under the equal action of the earth's north-south magnetic field, free electrons and empty orbits will be formed inside, atoms want to survive, and the internal regeneration of free electrons and empty orbits to form the vitality of atoms, although electrons orbit around the nucleus, but it is always filling empty orbitals, regenerating electrons and empty orbitals? The electrons do not revolve around the nucleus, but constantly collide elastically with the nucleus, reciprocating collisions, because there are countless quantum collision electrons on the periphery, and the electrons cannot escape around the nucleus.

Because an atom is made up of electrons and nuclei, the nucleus is positively charged and the electrons are negatively charged, and the electrons are attracted to the nucleus and move faster.

To put it bluntly, the rotation of electrons around the nucleus is a microscopic theory, which cannot be understood by the continuum of classical theory. If you're just a high school student, you'll understand when you get to college. Don't worry about this. The following is a standard answer, if you can understand it, you can understand it, and if you can't understand it, you will naturally understand it when you get to the university.

Classical physics cannot explain the problem of atomic structure. First of all, classical physics cannot build a stable atomic model. According to classical electrodynamics, the movement of electrons around the nucleus is an accelerated motion, so it constantly emits energy in the form of radiation, and the energy of the electrons becomes smaller and smaller, so the electrons moving around the nucleus will eventually "fall" into the nucleus due to a large loss of energy, and the atom will "collapse", however, the real world shows that the existence of atoms is stable.

The energy of the nucleus is very large, so the speed increases when it revolves around the nucleus because there is a huge force that attracts electrons.

Because in the process of motion, an electromagnetic wave will be generated, and the power of this electromagnetic wave is very strong, and it will eventually be transferred to the body of electrons and atomic nuclei, then its motion is not uniform.

The state of motion of electrons outside the nucleus actually refers to the energy of the electrons. Electrons in different orbitals have different energies.

The state of spatial motion here refers to the motion of an electron as a particle (a concept in high school physics). The visual expression is the electron cloud density distribution, or orbital wave function. Two electrons can be filled in the same orbital, that is, two electrons have the same state of space motion.

But the electron is not a particle, in addition to moving in space, it will also spin around the center of mass, and two electrons in the same orbit must spin opposite, so the motion of any two electrons in the same nucleus is different.

In the stable state (ground state) of the atom, the electrons outside the nucleus will be arranged as closely as possible according to the principle of lowest energy, and since it is impossible for the electrons to be crowded together, they will also obey the principle of lowest energy, Pauli's principle of incompatibility, and Hunt's rule.

Generally speaking, under the guidance of these three rules, the extranuclear electronic configuration of elemental atoms can be deduced, and there are no exceptions to the first 36 elements required at the secondary school level.

In the atom, the nucleus is located in the center of the whole atom, and the electrons move around the nucleus at high speed outside the nucleus, because the electrons move in a different region from the nucleus, we can see that the electrons are arranged in layers outside the nucleus. According to the three principles of extranuclear electron configuration, the extranuclear electrons of all atoms are arranged around the nucleus.

It was found that the electron configuration outside the nucleus obeys the following law: the electrons outside the nucleus are distributed as much as possible in the lower energy electron shell (closer to the nucleus); If the number of electron layers is n, the maximum number of electrons in this layer is 2*(n 2); Regardless of the number of layers, if it is the outermost electron shell, then the number of electrons in this shell cannot exceed 8, if it is the penultimate (subouter shell).

Then the number of electrons in this layer cannot exceed 18. This result determines the periodic variation law of the electron configuration outside the nucleus of the element, which is classified according to the same outermost electron configuration, and the elements in the same column in the periodic table are divided into a family. The period is divided according to the periodic changes in the electron configuration outside the nucleus.

Analysis: Let the kinetic energy of the electron ek

10 EV, electronic motion speed v = <>

m ·s-1

The uncertainty of velocity δv = <>

m ·s-1

The V-V orbital concept does not apply!

Answer: No, no.

In fact, it cannot be considered that the electronic stool dust judgment is moving in an orbit outside the nuclear one.

For microscopic particles, we can no longer describe the motion of particles in terms of Newtonian kinematic quantities such as position and velocity, let alone have orbits. We can only describe particles in terms of chance, such as the probability that a particle will exist somewhere. The so-called orbital should actually be understood as the electron is in a state of probability distribution outside the nucleus.

The electrons are stable in this state and do not radiate electromagnetic waves, but radiate electromagnetic waves when they change from one probability distribution to another (i.e., the classical transition from one orbital to another).

So, the reason why you have such doubts is because you are still imagining microscopic situations with classic images. Only after you have learned quantum mechanics can you really understand the microscopic physics.

The peculiarity of the movement of electrons is that it has wave-particle duality. Describe the four aspects of the state of electron movement outside the nucleus (1) Electron shell: The electrons outside the nucleus move in layers, which is called the layered arrangement of electrons.

The energy of electrons moving outside the nucleus is different, and the distance from the nucleus is also different. Normally, low-energy electrons are transported in regions close to the nucleus.