Where to find the French version of Feuerbach s Theses

Theses on FeuerbachThe article-by-article interpretation is:

1. He pointed out that the old materialism was an intuitive materialism, which "did not understand the meaning of 'revolutionary' and 'practical criticism' activities". The fundamental mistake lies in detaching itself from practice, and only understanding things from the intuitive form of objects and obliterating the active meaning of practical activities.

2. Replacing the concept of "alienated labor" with "revolutionary practice" liquidates the influence of Feuerbach's humanistic materialism, the old materialists, from the height of the socio-historical outlook.

It is precisely because we cannot correctly view the dialectical relationship between the subject's initiative and the objective materiality that we will inevitably fail to correctly explain the dialectical relationship between man and the environment and between man and education, and will inevitably fall into idealism in the view of history.

Historical view. <>

Background of creation. In the early years, Marx.

He was deeply influenced by Hegel's philosophy and later turned to materialism under the influence of Feuerbach, but he himself ignored social practice with Feuerbach's humanistic materialism.

Abstract talk about the nature of human beings and the preaching of "love" is dissatisfied, with a certain degree of reservation.

In the process of creating a new world view, Marx was in Brussels in the spring of 1845 in order to make a clear break with Feuerbach's old materialism and to elaborate his own new materialism.

These eleven theses for the critique of Feuerbach were written.

The Theses on Feuerbach consists of 11 articles, and the main content of the main judgment is divided into three aspects: first, it criticizes the mistake of Feuerbach's old materialism ignoring people's subjective initiative and idealism's one-sided exaggeration of subjective initiative, and clarifies the difference between Marx's new materialist philosophy based on practice and the old philosophy (including the old materialism and idealism); Second, it criticizes the idealistic view of history of the old materialism and discusses several basic issues of historical materialism. Third, the distinction between the old and new philosophies is expounded from the perspectives of class basis, philosophical function and mission.

At the end of the first year, Marx not only realized the transformation from idealism to materialism and from revolutionary democracy to communism (the two major changes), but had also largely completed the work of bringing into play the materialist theory of history, and was ready to set out, together with Engels, to elaborate new views on this theory in various very different aspects. It was under this circumstance that the Outline of the Excavation was formed and produced.

2) The Theses are a notebook written by Marx in Brussels in the winter of 1844 or the spring of 1845. This pen was recorded in Marx's notebook of 1844-1847, which was then used for Marx's own further research and was not intended to be printed.

Three years later, Engels published it for the first time as an appendix to his book Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy. Engels spoke highly of the Theses and considered it to be"The first document containing the germ of a genius with a new worldview"。

4) The "Theses" consist of 11 articles, nearly 1,500 words, which are independent of each other in form and related to each other in content, forming an organic whole, and in fact forming a sign of Marx's systematic construction of a new materialist world outlook.

5) The Theses systematically expounded for the first time the Marxist outlook on scientific practice, and on this basis, criticized and formulated the old materialism including Feuerbach and all the old philosophies of the past"New materialism"That is, the main point of Marxist philosophy, a new scientific worldview.

The outline of Feuerbach is read as follows:

1. The background of the Theses.

From the 60s of the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution, which began in England, had a huge impact on the development of society. First of all, because of the continuous emergence of new technologies and the invention and extensive application of various new machines, labor productivity has been greatly improved, so that social productivity has achieved unprecedented development.

Since the Industrial Revolution brought about great changes in the relations of production, the bourgeoisie multiplied its capital at an astonishing rate and rose politically to become the ruling class, and finally, the Industrial Revolution made the proletariat strong and stepped onto the stage of history"As a result of the Industrial Revolution, the proletariat was created"。

2. The main content of the Theses.

In the first article, he pointed out the difference between the old and new materialism, from the second to the ninth article, he explained various social and historical issues from a practical point of view in specific aspects, and expounded the basic viewpoint of historical materialism, while Articles 10 and 11 pointed out the fundamental characteristics of the new world outlook.

Practice is the core viewpoint of the Marxist philosophical system, which is embodied in various aspects: First, on the question of whether people's thinking can correctly reflect the objective world"Whether or not human thinking has objective truth is not a theoretical question, but a practical one. "That is, practice is the only criterion for testing truth:

Second, it is practice that connects people with the objective world.

The conformity between a change in the environment and a change in man's activity or self can only be seen and reasonably understood as a revolutionary practice. "Third, on the question of religion, Feuerbach's merit was to reduce the religious world to its secular foundation, and Marx further proposed that the foundation of the world itself should be understood within itself, from his contradictions.

3. Understanding of human nature.

Feuerbach ascribed the essence of religion to the nature of man. "Here, Marx argued"Feuerbach did not critique this reality"Feuerba defined the essence of man as a combination of reason, will, and experience, and believed that reason is the light of knowledge, and the heart is the root of love. His understanding of the nature of man is to set aside the process of history, and he fixes religious feelings between people.

Marx made a thorough scientific critique of this idea, he argued"The essence of human beings is not an abstraction inherent in a single person"In its reality, it is the sum total of all social relations. "Obviously, Mark believes that the essence of man is the sum total of all social relations, and here man is connected to each other in reality.

4. The Role and Significance of the Theses in Marxist Philosophy.

The key to the importance of the Theses is:"Practice"It is proposed that Marx's practice is not a simple inheritance of Kant, Hegel and Hess in the philosophical sense, but his own summary through in-depth thinking and research on the theory and social situation, which is the unity of subject and object.

The main defect of all previous materialisms, including Feuerbach, is that things, reality, and sensibility are understood only in terms of object or intuitive forms, and not as sensual human activities, as practices, not in terms of subjects. ”

The above text is from the original text.

This sentence acknowledges one point in the first place. The object exists objectively, and it is only an intuitive reflection of a thing, just like looking in a mirror, just a simple copy of an object, and the processing of this object without emotion. This is the basic point of view of materialism.

However, Feuerbach ignores the fact that human cognitive activity is an activity in which subject and object intersect, subject and object have mutual influence, subject has objectification, and object has subjectification. The subject will examine the object according to a certain value orientation with his own activities, and the object will use the degree of its own display to affect the subject's aesthetics of the object, and when people reflect the object, people are not emotionless and self-conscious. When we see something, we will inevitably process it, and the process of processing is actually the process of embodying human subjectivity, and people have subjectivity in cognitive activities, and when people look at a certain thing, they add human subjectivity to their activities.

Put a durian in front of different people, everyone will have a different reaction, those who like it are very happy, and those who don't like it may subconsciously cover their noses because the durian stinks. Any individual will behave differently when looking at the same thing, and that is because human beings have subjectivity, and they will never simply think that it is just one thing. Even if you don't judge it like or dislike, if you put a durian in front of you, you will never think that it is an apple, and in this process, human subjectivity is also reflected.

The "perceptual activity of man" mentioned by Marx refers to the objective material activity of transforming the world engaged in by the subject, that is, practice. The relationship between man and the external objective world is not only the relationship between reflection and reflection, but also the relationship between the two and the transformation of the world, and we must not only understand the world but also transform the world. The object of human cognition is also the object of practice, and only through practice can human beings reflect the objective world.

The old materialism abandoned practice and regarded human cognition as merely a negative, rational intuition, lacking an understanding of man's subjective initiative.

An explanation of Feuerbach's theses was written by Marx at the beginning of 1845. A total of 11 articles. The basic points of Marx's philosophical thought were put forward and a new world outlook was outlined.

Its core is the viewpoint of practice, which expounds that practice is the only criterion for testing truth, and puts forward the theory of reflection of active revolution.

Word decomposition Explanation about ;; The introduction of action, spike behavior, guess the scope or thing involved, form a preposition structure, used in front of the subject, as an adverbial about this, we can get an explanation from the artifacts found in this area.;; Jian Bozan "Inner Mongolia Visits to the Ancients"; Introduce the scope or content of things, form a preposition structure, use nouns Explanation of the outline Lifting the general rope of the net Metaphor Grasp the main points of the content of the big or main article, speech, etc. The main rope of the lifting net, lifting the net.

Tang Dufu's poem "Another View of Fishing": "Cangjiang fishermen gather in the early morning, set up a net outline, and ten thousand fish are in a hurry. ”.

The parable catches the big or the main one.

<>1. "Theses on Feuerbach", Marx's 11 theses on criticism of Feuerbach, written in Brussels in the spring of 1845, were not published by Marx during his lifetime. Originally titled "On Feuerbach", the discussion focuses on practical issues. Marx outlined his new worldview on the basis of a critique of Feuerbach and all the old materialism.

First published in 1888, Engels called this document "Theses on Feuerbach" in the preface to Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy, and was first published as an appendix to the book. It was called by Engels "the first document containing the germ of genius in a new world outlook", "the origin of historical materialism". Together with the German Ideology, the Theses are recognized as the basic symbols of the establishment of Marxist philosophy, especially the historical concept of only Ming Chong.

2. The great significance of the "Theses" lies first in the fact that it establishes a scientific outlook on practice, thus providing a growth point and a foothold for the materialist view of history and even the brand-new scientific world outlook -- Marxist philosophy. The practical viewpoint is the most basic and primary viewpoint of historical materialism. It is precisely on the basis of the scientific viewpoint of practice that Marx profoundly revealed the practical nature of social life in the "Theses", scientifically explained the social nature of human beings, and expounded that social practice is the driving force of historical development.

It is precisely on the basis of the scientific outlook on practice that Marx has solved the basic problem of the outlook on history, and then expounded the basic position and decisive significance of practice in epistemology.

3. The concept of scientific practice put forward in the "Theses" fundamentally exposes the fundamental defects of all previous materialisms, including Feuerbach materialism. Marx pointed out that because the old materialism did not understand the meaning of practice, it could not correctly solve the relationship between subject and object, let alone the initiative of the subject on the basis of practice, so it was essentially a kind of negative and intuitive materialism.