Types of biofilms, what is the biofilm method, and what are the types

Structurally, biofilms should have the characteristics of phospholipid bilayer as the backbone, filled proteins and surface glycoproteins.

The biofilm method is a kind of aerobic biological treatment technology for wastewater alongside the activated sludge method, which is a fixed membrane method, which is the artificial and intensified process of sewage soil self-purification, mainly removing dissolved and colloidal organic pollutants in wastewater.

The treatment technology includes biological filters (ordinary biological filters, high-load biological filters, tower biological filters), biological turntables, biological contact oxidation and biological fluidized beds.

The biofilm method is a sewage treatment method that uses biofilm to stabilize and clarify wastewater under the condition of sufficient oxygen supply. Biofilm is an ecosystem composed of highly dense aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, facultative bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, etc., and the solid medium to which it adheres is called filter media or carrier. The biofilm can be divided into anaerobic layer, aerobic layer, attached water layer and moving water layer from the filter material.

These new processes and new equipment of the biofilm method have the following advantages compared with the original biofilters filled with gravel:

1. Sufficient oxygen supply and good mass transfer conditions.

2. The treatment effect is less affected by temperature.

3. After the use of lightweight filler, the structure is light and the surface area of the filler is large.

4. The equipment has a large processing capacity and good treatment effect.

5. No gray flies, small odor, good sanitary conditions. In particular, in the biofilm method, the sessile growth of microorganisms can form a dynamic equilibrium with the concentration of organic matter in the medium, so it can be applied to the advanced treatment of low-concentration sewage.

Biofilms include nuclear membrane, mitochondrial membrane, endoplasmic reticulum membrane, lysosomal membrane, Golgi membrane, chloroplast membrane, vacuole, peroxisome membrane, etc., wherein the endomembrane system includes nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum membrane, lysosomal membrane, Golgi membrane, vacuole (including endosomes and secretory vacuoles), but does not include mitochondrial membrane and chloroplast membrane.

The biofilms are all lamellar in morphology, with a thickness of about 5 10 nanometers. It is mainly composed of lipids and proteins, and a small amount of sugars are covalently bonded to lipids or proteins. Different biofilms have different functions.

Its molecular morphology consists of a hydrophilic polar head and a hydrophobic tail of the fatty acyl chain. This amphiphilic property maintains the stability of the membrane structure. The hydrophilic head faces the aqueous phase, and the hydrophobic tail accumulates with each other to avoid water, and this action is called hydrophobic interaction.

The components of biofilms are mainly lipids and proteins. A small amount of sugars is also covalently bonded to lipids or proteins.

A biofilm is a dynamic structure with the fluidity of membrane lipids and the motility of membrane proteins. Membrane fluidity refers to the movement of lipid and protein molecules inside the membrane. The fluidity of membranes is not only one of the basic properties of membranes, but also a necessary condition for cells to carry out life activities.

Energy conversion. Biofilms play an important role in the conversion of light energy and metabolic energy in living organisms. ATP is an important energy "currency" in living organisms.

The energy transfer generated during metabolic processes in living organisms is first "stored" in the form of ATP, which is then released by ATP when needed. The main mode of ATP production in plants is through photosynthetic phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation processes.

The process of photosynthetic phosphorylation occurs on the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. Through the action of the photosynthetic pigment system, the electron transport system and the photosynthetic phosphorylation coupling enzyme system, part of the light energy absorbed in the photoreaction is converted into chemical energy in NADPH, and the other part is converted into chemical energy stored in ATP.

Biofilms are composed of biological macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, DNA, RNA, peptidoglycan, lipids, and phospholipids.

Biofilms, also known as biofilms, refer to organized groups of bacteria that are attached to the surface of living or inanimate objects and encased by bacterial extracellular macromolecules. Biofilm bacteria are highly resistant to antibiotics and host immune defense mechanisms. Various major biological macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, DNA, RNA, peptidoglycan, lipids, and phospholipids are present in biofilms.

The formation of multicellular structures in biofilms is a dynamic process, including the stages of bacterial initiation of adhesion, biofilm development, and maturation and diffusion.

Biofilm is an aggregate of organized growth of microorganisms. Bacteria irreversibly attach to the surface of inert or active entities, multiply, differentiate, and secrete some polysaccharide matrix, which envelops the bacterial community and forms a bacterial aggregate film. A single biofilm can be formed by one or more different microorganisms.

Through a large number of studies on the special phenomenon of microorganisms playing a dominant role in solid surface colonization, it is gradually realized that the formation of these microbiotic membranes involves complex physicochemical processes and the interaction of biological communities. In the marine environment, all types of surfaces, such as rocks, plants, animals, and prefabricated structures, can be encroached upon by biofilms.

Bacterial biofilm mainly includes polysaccharide protein complexes such as secreted polysaccharide proteins, polysaccharide matrix, fibrin, and lipoprotein. From the outside to the inside, the mature biofilm model includes the host biofilm layer, the connecting layer, the condition layer, and the matrix layer.

Biological membranes include cell membranes, organelle membranes, and nuclear membranes, all of which are composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins.

Biofilms are made up of phospholipids that form a backbone on which sugars and proteins are combined.

The biofilm system includes: cell membrane, nuclear membrane, and various organelle membranes.

Efficacy of the biofilm system:

1. Basic efficacy. Cytoplasm not only provides somatic cells with a relatively stable extracellular fluid, but also plays a fundamental role in the whole process of material transport, kinetic energy exchange and information transmission between body cells and the external natural environment.

2. Many key chemical changes in somatic cells will be carried out in the extracellular matrix or on the surface of the membrane. The broad membrane area in somatic cells provides many adhesion domains for enzymes, creating a resource advantage for the smooth development of various chemical changes.

3. The extracellular matrix in the somatic cell separates the somatic cells into small compartments, such as a variety of cell structures, which promotes a variety of diversified chemical changes in the somatic cells and is not easy to affect each other, ensuring that the life activities of the somatic cells are carried out efficiently and orderly.

Functions of the biofilm system:

Clause. 1. The cell membrane not only enables the cell to have a relatively stable internal environment, but also plays an important role in the process of material transportation, energy conversion and information transmission between the cell and the external environment.

Clause. Second, many important biochemical reactions are carried out on biological membranes, and these biochemical reactions require the participation of enzymes, and the vast membrane area provides a large number of attachment sites for a variety of enzymes.

Clause. Third, the biofilm in the cell separates various organelles, like a small compartment, which enables a variety of chemical reactions to be carried out in the cell at the same time without interfering with each other, ensuring that the life activities of the cell are carried out efficiently and orderly.