What are the modern sciences? What are the modern science and technology

Intelligent machinery industry, in the 21st century, the traditional various mechanical tools will be widely related to microelectronics, optoelectronics and artificial intelligence machinery industry. The intelligent robots, intelligent computers, intelligent tools (intelligent cars, ships, trains, airplanes, spacecraft, etc.), intelligent production lines, intelligent factories, etc., provided by this industry, not only in physical strength, but also in mental power partially replace all kinds of human labor, so that human intelligence can be newly liberated, so that human beings can carry out more creative work.

Marine industry: At present, humans can only dive to a depth of more than 200 meters, and little is known about the conditions in the depths of the ocean. In the 21st century, humanity can expand its high frontiers beyond the earth as well as its low frontiers within the earth.

It is believed that over a longer period of time, humanity will reap far more benefits from resource-intensive, low-level territories than from resource-discrete high-territories. Antarctic development, seawater utilization, deep-sea mining, and seabed city construction will become the basic connotation of the marine industry in the next century.

In the biomedical industry, on the basis of new achievements in disease diagnosis, medical surgery, and synthetic materials, in the 21st century, human beings can safely master the transplantation and reconstruction technology of biological or artificial organs (heart, lungs, kidneys, spleen, etc.), bones, blood vessels, and perception (sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch), so that the new medical technology can effectively replace and reconstruct all units of the human body, and the biomedical industry will surely become one of the high-tech industries that attracts attention.

The space industry, the world invests more than $400 billion in space activities every year, laying a knowledge and technological foundation for the space industry in the 21 st century, including satellite launches, payload carrying, space travel and other space commercial activities and services, as well as the use of microgravity, ultra-clean space unique environment for scientific experiments and the production of high-precision products, these will become an important field of international industrial competition in the next century, open up new territories outside the earth's sphere, and mine new resources on extraterrestrials. It is the first target of space technology and its industrial development after mankind enters the 21st century.

The bioengineering industry, based on the four major components of modern life technology (microorganisms, enzymes, cells, and genes), will gradually form a bioengineering industry with animal and plant engineering, drugs and vaccines, protein engineering, cell fusion, genetic recombination, biochips and biocomputers as the basic connotation in the 21st century. This industry will transform and create a number of high-efficiency biological substances, which will bring about great changes in human production and life.

The superconductor industry, in the next century, the superconductor industry will rise. Some of the unique properties of superconducting materials will change a number of traditional concepts and theories. A series of high-tech achievements, such as superconducting motors, superconducting transmission systems, superconducting energy storage devices, superconducting maglev trains, superconducting computers, and superconducting electronic devices, will be put into practical use and commercialized in large quantities, so as to transform the existing entire technical pattern of strong electricity, weak electricity, microelectricity, and optoelectronics.

On the basis of microelectronics and electronic computer technology in this century, the optoelectronic information industry will comprehensively develop and utilize the physical characteristics of light, electricity, sound, and magnetism in the 21st century, and form a new generation of optoelectronic information industry, including optoelectronic devices, laser configurations, optical fiber systems, holographic images, optical integrated circuits, and optical computers. This new industry will comprehensively update the existing information means to meet the widest range of people's needs for information.

Solar energy industry, in the 21st century, mankind will face the dilemma of energy shortage. In addition to pinning hopes on nuclear fusion energy, the realistic options are: developing solar energy technology, developing and producing various solar tracking, capture, conversion and storage devices, collecting and using more pollution-free solar energy on the ground and in space, and establishing a high-tech solar energy industry.

There are many modern science and technology, and there are countless of them, 1. American classification.

1. Information technology;

2. Transportation technology;

3. Energy utilization technology;

4. Development and utilization of new materials;

5. Bioengineering technology;

6. Environmental science.

Technology. 2. China's modern high-tech mainly refers to:

1. Microelectronics science and electronic information technology;

2. Space science and space technology;

3. Optoelectronic science and optoelectronic integration technology;

4. Life sciences.

and bioengineering technologies;

5. Materials Science and New Materials Technology;

6. Energy science and new energy, high-efficiency and energy-saving technology;

7. Ecological science and environmental protection technology;

8. Earth Sciences.

and marine engineering technology;

9. Basic Material Science and Radiation Technology;

10. Medical science and new medical technology;

11. Other new processes and technologies applied in traditional industries.

3. The United Nations considers that:

High-tech mainly includes information technology, life science technology, new energy and renewable.

Bioenergy science and technology, high-tech and management science and technology that are beneficial to the environment, new material science and technology, marine science and technology.

Modern science and technology include many types, such as information technology, transportation technology, bioengineering technology and energy utilization technology, environmental science and technology, as well as microelectronics science and electronic information technology.

Bioengineering, communication engineering, aerospace, artificial skills, controlled nuclear fusion, and new material technology are all hot frontier technologies at present.

Software industry. Intelligent machinery industry.

Bioengineering industry.

Biomedicine. Superconductor industry.

Solar energy industry.

Modern science is generally divided into three main branches:

1. Natural Sciences(e.g. Biology, Chemistry and Physics, etc.).

2. The study of the social sciences of the individual and society(e.g. economics, psychology and sociology).

3. The formal science of studying abstract concepts(e.g. logic, mathematics, computer science).

Science is a system of knowledge that is based on testable explanations and the form, organization, etc. of objective things, and is knowledge that has been systematized and formulated. Its object is objective phenomena, its content is formal scientific theory, and its form is language, including natural language and mathematical language.

Science is research-based and is usually conducted in academic or research institutions as well as ** institutions and companies. Scientific research influences the science policy of businesses and countries through the development of commercial products, armaments, health care products and environmental protection.

Origin:

The earliest origins of science can be traced back to ancient Egypt and the valley of the Two Rivers (around 3500 to 3000 BC). They contributed mathematics, astronomy, and medicine to bring Greece into the natural philosophy of the classical era, thus formally attempting to explain the natural causes of events on the basis of the material world.

Because of the fall of the Roman Empire, Greek knowledge disappeared in Western Europe in the early Middle Ages (400 to 1000 ce), but these cultures were preserved in the Muslim world. From the 10th to the 13th centuries, the revival of Greek works and the study of natural philosophy in Western Europe and Islam revived "natural philosophy", and the scientific revolution that began in the 16th century transformed the way scientific research was conducted, and this scientific method soon became even more effective.

It was not until the 19th century that the scientific functions of many institutions and professions began to take shape, and in this era "natural philosophy" also changed to "natural science".

Science first refers to knowledge corresponding to the natural domain, which is extended and quoted to the fields of society and thinking, such as social science. It has two meanings: a well-reasoned observation or study of nature that is dedicated to revealing the truth of nature.

According to the different research objects, it can be divided into natural science, social science and thinking science, as well as philosophy and mathematics that summarize and run through the three fields.

According to the different connections with practice, it can be divided into theoretical science, technical science, applied science, etc.

According to the degree of direct use of natural laws by human beings, science can be divided into two categories: natural science and experimental science.

According to whether it is suitable for human goals, science can be divided into two categories: broad science and narrow science.

Basic Disciplines. 1. Humanities and Social Sciences.

Political Science, Economics, Management, Law, Sociology, Psychology, Education, Ethics, Literature, Aesthetics, Art, Logic, Linguistics, History, Military Science, Anthropology, Archaeology, Folklore, Journalism, Communication.

Psychology 2, Natural Sciences.

Mathematical Physics.

Chemical Biology.

Astrogeology.

Meteorology, architecture.

Geography Medicine.

Agronomy Psychology.

Informatics Engineering.

Mechatronics.

Systems Science. Mathematical Computer Science.

3. Thinking scientifically.

Systems Science. 4. Philosophy.

Materialist philosophy.

Philosophy of idealism.

Dialectical metaphysics.

Philosophy of dialectical materialism.

Science is the doctrine of the study of concrete problems. Specific issues include: physics, chemistry, biology, politics, economics, etc.

Science is divided into scientific theories and science and technology.

1. Radiation technology.

In the field of polymer materials, radiation technology has been used for polyolefins.

Radiation cross-linking, radiation curing of unsaturated polyester resins, radiation vulcanization of rubber, radiation degradation of polymers and radiation grafting modification, etc., existing products have achieved industrial production.

2. Marine engineering technology.

Marine engineering technology: including marine power generation technology, marine drilling technology, seawater desalination technology, offshore oil mining technology, coastal wind power generation technology, sea layer exploration technology, marine material separation technology, seawater refining technology, marine building design, etc.

3. Aerospace science and technology.

Aerospace science and technology is a modern science and technology that emerged in the 20th century, and since its formation, it has been drawing on basic science.

and other recent achievements in the field of applied sciences, highly integrated with the latest achievements in engineering technology, and leading many disciplines.

and even contributed to the formation of certain professions.

4. Modern biotechnology.

Also known as bioengineering. The practical technology of creating new types of organisms or new biological functions based on molecular biology is a modern biological science.

and engineering technology.

5. Optoelectronic technology.

Optoelectronic technology is an advanced technology, a technological transformation of traditional industries, and emerging industries.

The development of the industrial structure and the adjustment and optimization of the industrial structure play a tremendous role in promoting it.

Modern science includes the following:

Modern natural sciences, modern social sciences, and modern applied sciences, such as political science, physics, economics, military science, law, education, literature and art, history, linguistics, ethnology, religion, sociology, etc., have the task of studying and expounding various natural phenomena, social phenomena and the laws of their development. Social sciences emphasize the common aspects of human beings, such as social, relational, organizational, and collaborative.

Biological Evolution in Modern Natural Science:

1) Organic small molecules.

Under the energy sources of lightning, ultraviolet rays, shock waves, and rays, the atmosphere forms a series of small organic molecule compounds, including amino acids, nucleotides, etc. (this has been confirmed by the experiment of the spark discharge device designed by the American scientist Miller to simulate thunder and lightning to make inorganic matter synthesize organic matter).

2) Organic macromolecules.

Organic small molecule compounds either fall directly into the primordial ocean, or are collected to the primordial ocean through lakes and rivers, accumulate and interact in the middle layer of the ocean for a long time, and under appropriate conditions, further condense into biological macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids with primitive structures and non-specific functions, which accumulate in the primordial ocean, and the concentration continues to increase, condensing into small droplets to form a multimolecular system.

3) Biological macromolecules.

With a certain probability of evolution and suitable environmental conditions, and after a long period of continuous evolution, a primitive life form with metabolic and self-reproduction ability was finally formed about 3.5 billion years ago. This is the first stage of the evolution of life, that is, the stage of non-cellular life, which realizes the process of transformation from non-life to life.

4) Primitive creatures.

From about 3 billion years ago to 100 million years ago, the earth entered the Pre-Paleozoic era. Although this period lasted for a long time, and the atmosphere, water, and biosphere also developed greatly, the evolution of the biological world was very slow, and until the end of the Pre-Paleozoic Era, there were only fungi, algae, and some lower protozoa, brachiopods, etc. on the earth.

About 1.4 billion years ago, the development of the biological world has entered the second stage, that is, the prokaryotic cell stage, in this stage, life has a cell morphology, a real cell membrane, but there is no real nucleus, and the real nuclear membrane and nucleolus cannot be distinguished.

Mainly represented by cyanobacteria that were most prevalent 282 billion years ago, it can carry out real photosynthesis, absorb carbon dioxide, release oxygen, and gradually replace the reducing atmosphere of the early earth with an oxidized atmosphere, and then enter the third stage of evolution, the emergence of eukaryotic cells, from prokaryotic cells to eukaryotic cells is the most important evolution completed by the biological world.

5) Biological evolution.

The evolutionary history of modern organisms classified by genera and species of the phylum family.