Ask for materials about Qiang culture and introduce the culture of Qiang

The Qiang people of Beichuan worship gods.

The long history and long-term closed living environment have retained a lot of simple and heavy ancient relics in the spiritual culture of the Qiang people. The two earliest literary forms produced in ancient China were ancient poetry and ancient mythology. These two forms of literature still have a great influence on the Qiang people, and many excellent works have been inherited.

Most of the men, women, and children of the Qiang people sing folk songs, and the lyrics are mostly 4 or 7 syllables per sentence, similar to the four-character poems and seven-character poems in Chinese. In terms of content, there are bitter songs, mountain songs, love songs, drinking songs, festive songs and mourning songs. The famous myths of the Qiang nationality include "Opening the Heaven and the Earth", "The Formation of the Ravine and the Peace Dam", "The Creation of Human Beings", "Dou'an Zhu and Mu Jiezhu", etc., in which the story of the sister and brother getting married and shooting down the eight suns reflects the life of the Qiang people in the primitive society in twists and turns.

The most famous of the Qiang musical instruments is the Qiang flute. Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty said in "Shuo Wen Jie Zi": "Qiang flute three holes".

Ma Rong's "Flute Fu" said: "The double flute in modern times started from Qiang". Tang Dynasty "Yuefu Miscellaneous Records" contains:

Flute, Qiang music also. "Song Dynasty Chen (left day Yang right) "Music Book" recorded: "Qiang flute five holes".

It can be seen that it has a long history. In modern times, the Qiang flute popular in the Qiang area of Sichuan is made of bamboo or bone. Bamboo is the oil bamboo in the upper reaches of the Min River, cut into squares; Bone is the leg bone of a sheep or bird.

The Qiang flute is 17 cm long and 1 cm in diameter, with a single reed, double pipe, vertical blowing, six scales, and many solos. The timbre is bright and soft, mournful and tactful, melodious and lyrical, and the shepherds often play in the mountains to entertain themselves. The ancient Qiang flute is not only a musical instrument, but also a whip rod, because there is a saying of "blowing the whip".

Folk dances mainly include "Dancing Sirloin" (Qiang Guozhuang Dance), "Jumping Armor" (also known as "Armor Dance"), Dancing Leather Drums, "Lan Ganshou" and so on. "Jumping armor" is an ancient traditional sacrificial custom dance, which was mostly danced at the funeral of soldiers with military merits in the past. Dozens of dancers wear raw cowhide armor, wear leather helmets with pheasant feathers and wheat rods, wear copper bells on their shoulders, and hold weapons (mostly long knives) in their hands.

The brave and unyielding, bold and open-minded national character is vividly expressed, so that the rough and simple ancient folk customs are vividly reproduced.

Overview: The Qiang is one of the oldest ethnic groups in China, and it is said that they are an important part of the ---Huaxia people", the predecessor of the Han nationality. In the course of a long period of history, several branches of the Qiang nationality have gradually developed and evolved into various ethnic groups of the Tibeto-Burman language group in the Sino-Tibetan language family due to various conditions and reasons. To study the history of the Tibetan, Yi, Bai, Hani, Naxi, Lisu, Lahu, Kino, Pumi, Jingpo, Dulong, Nu, Achang, Tujia and other ethnic groups, it is necessary to explore their relationship with the Qiang people.

The history of the Qiang nationality has played an extremely important role in the history of the Chinese nation since ancient times.

After the Tang and Song dynasties, the Qiang people were mostly integrated by the Han or other ethnic groups, and only some of them existed in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River. This kind of nation, which has been preserved from ancient times to the present day and has gone through thousands of years, is also rare in the history of our country and the world. They are living specimens for the study of Qiang society and history, and also provide valuable reference for the history of other fraternal ethnic groups.

The Qiang people call themselves "Rima" (zma), "Rimai" (zme) or "Erma" (XMA), "Ermai" (XME), the Qiang nationality belongs to the Tibetan language family of the Tibetan Burman language family Qiang language branch, can be divided into two major dialects in the north and south, the southern dialect is spoken in the Shaba District, Jiaochang District, Fengyi District, Tumen District in Maowen County, Weizhou District, Mianchi District in Wenchuan County, Tonghua District, Xuecheng District in Li County; Zhenjiang District of Songpan.

The northern dialect is spoken in the Chibusu district of Maowen County and most of Heishui County. There are many local languages, and even between neighboring villages and villages, the languages are not completely comprehensible. The Qiang people along the transportation routes and close to the Han area generally know Chinese.

The Qiang Han has a written language, and the Chinese language has been used for a long time.

The Qiang people are distributed on the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with many mountains and steep terrain; There are Minjiang River, Heishui River and Zagunao River in the territory, the water flow is turbulent, and the boat is impassable. The climate varies widely, with violets blooming in the valleys and snow-capped mountains in early autumn. The average annual temperature is around 11 degrees Celsius, the rainfall is less than 500 kilometres, and the frost-free period ranges from 180 to 220 days.

The main crops are corn, followed by barley, wheat, buckwheat, beans, and cash crops such as hemp and tobacco. Apples, peppercorns, and walnuts are famous. The sheep industry is more developed, and it is the main breeding place of the excellent breed "copper sheep" (Chengdu hemp sheep).

There are high-quality woods such as basswood, birch, and hemlock in the dense forest. The medicinal materials are abundant, especially gastrodia, fritillary, cordyceps, deer antler, musk, and bear bile. Among the wild animals, pandas and golden snub-nosed monkeys are even more precious in the world and are famous all over the world.

Jiudingshan International Ecotourism Zone).

Qiang embroidery, Qiang flute, with an introduction, go to the Internet to check the information.

"Chinese Historical Code" takes you into the ancient and mysterious matriarchal clan village - Jiangzhai RuinsJiangzhai Ruins, located on the platform on the east bank of the north of the river in Lintong District, Xi'an City, is the Neolithic period in the middle reaches of the Yellow River with Yangshao cultural relics as the main site. From 1972 to 1979, archaeologists carried out 11 large-scale excavations of the Jiangzhai site, revealing an area of 10,000 square meters, which is the largest excavation area among the Neolithic settlement sites in China so far. It is mentioned in the "Chinese Historical Code" that the excavation of the Jiangzhai site provides valuable information for the study of the social nature, social organization, production technology, family and marriage system, social production status and solving the sequence problem of the Neolithic Age, showing people a rich and colorful picture of primitive life.

The cultural relics unearthed from the Jiangzhai site are also unprecedented in number and variety. Tens of thousands of cultural relics can be divided into four categories, including production tools, daily necessities, decorations, and funerary goods, and more than 200 varieties. The book not only introduces the cultural relics of the Jiangzhai site, but also displays and interprets the cultural relics in detail in the context of China's historical development process, and the selected cultural relics represent the different characteristics of each era, and reflect the development and changes of the same type of cultural relics in various eras, and experience the progress of Chinese civilization and human civilization in the changes of cultural relics.

It not only contains material civilizations such as pottery, gold and silverware, and bronze ware, but also includes detailed knowledge of spiritual civilization heritage such as Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism. The content of each cultural relics and characters is more abundant and comprehensive than the text introduction of traditional cultural relics books, and the content is more substantial and detailed, all-encompassing, which can be described as an encyclopedia.

From here, human beings got rid of the era of Ru Mao drinking blood, and here, people began primitive agriculture, poultry breeding, and invented pottery, weaving, defense, digging kilns, building houses, painting, decoration and other technologies, which pushed human civilization forward a big step. The primitive ancestors had the consciousness and basic functions of three-dimensional architecture and plane layout, and their understanding of the natural world had entered the higher stage of brain thinking from the first sense. It can be said that the Jiangzhai site is one of the important birthplaces of ancient Chinese culture.

The Code of Chinese History

1. Clothing.

The costumes of the Qiang people are simple, beautiful and distinctive. In ancient times, the Qiang people mostly wore leather and wool clothing. Since the development of the textile industry since the Ming Dynasty, more linen clothes have replaced leather and wool clothes.

Since the liberation, the fabrics of clothing have become more diverse. Men like to wear blue headscarves, and some also like to wear fox fur hats in winter, and wear long shirts made of linen, cotton, silk and wool fabrics, and some long shirts are decorated with lace. The jacket is a sleeveless sheepskin or wool or cotton leather coat, which can protect against cold, rain, cushion sitting, and is suitable for labor.

2. Marriage and family.

The marriage system of the Qiang people is monogamous. Before liberation, marriages were arranged by parents. The status of women is low, and it is prevalent to enter the wealth, and there are also fingers for marriage, betrothal marriage, and marriage for marriage.

There are also customs such as the aunt's cousin giving priority to marriage, the bride returning to her mother's house within one year after marriage, the brother who dies and the brother who accepts his sister-in-law, and the brother who dies marries the brother-in-law. After liberation, and especially now, some backward customs in the area of marriage have been changed.

3. Funeral culture.

The Qiang people have their own funeral customs with their own ethnic characteristics. There are several types of burials: cremation, earth burial, rock burial, and water burial. Cremation is its traditional burial custom, and each family or early tribe has its own cremation cemetery, which is surrounded by stones, and there are often tablets to record the surname and the date when the cemetery was first established.

Cremation is still prevalent. If you are over 60 years old and die of a normal illness, you will be considered to be the end of your life, and you will sing funeral songs and hold a cremation. There are also those who choose cremation according to the will of the elderly.

Those who have died of murder or infectious disease must be cremated. After the baby dies, it is placed in a small wooden coffin and placed in a cave for rock burial. There are also dead babies who are put in coffins and float away in the river, which is called water burial.

4. Eat and drink.

The Qiang family is hospitable and courteous, and the whole family welcomes each other warmly, asking for warmth. When guests come to the door, they immediately prepare wine, rice and tea to entertain them, and offer toasting songs. Guests should give up their seats when entering the room, entertain wine, sugar, fruits, tea, and sing toast songs to show blessings.

Guests should not be interrupted at will. When sleeping at night, arrange for guests to sleep first, except for the elderly, they are not allowed to sleep before guests. When you wake up in the morning, greet elders, the elderly, and guests.

In the presence of guests, elders and the elderly, it is not allowed to sit cross-legged. Sitting around the fire pit, there are different men and women, guests and hosts. No one is allowed to put his feet on the fire.

5. Specialties. The Qiang nationality is a very ancient ethnic group in western China, and now the Qiang nationality is still officially determined by China to live mainly in Sichuan and other places, with a population of about 300,000 people, and the specialties are the same as most areas of Sichuan, and the taste is spicy.

6. Residential buildings. They generally live in Zhaiziping Village. Danqing water mill, beautiful mountains and rivers, in the old man's village, Zhaiziping village, Heitupo, Liujiagou also with national songs and dances and dam feast.

Salang, Qiang flute, embroidery, Qiang calendar year.

The Qiang people are one of the oldest ethnic groups in China. It was the first shepherd people in the Hehuang area, and later migrated to the east and south, which is one of the main ethnic sources of the Huaxia people, and is also the main ethnic source of the ancient Shu people and today's Tibetan and Yi peoples. Most of them have merged with Han Chinese and other ethnic minorities, with only the Minshan region of Sichuan Province retaining the only Qiang inhabited area in the country, including Maoxian, Wenchuan, Lixian, Heishui, and Songpan in Aba Prefecture, and Beichuan County in Mianyang City.

Among them, the Qiang nationality in Mao County is the most concentrated, accounting for 60 of the total Qiang population.

The Qiang nationality has unique material and cultural achievements and ethnic customs, which stretches for thousands of years without interruption, and is known as a "living fossil" in the history of the evolution of various ethnic groups in China. Among them, the most distinctive are the architectural forms such as watchtowers, plank roads and ziplines that still exist today. Towers are called "Qiong cage" in Qiang language, "all according to the mountain dwelling, the stone is the room, the high one is more than ten zhang", the famous group of towers of Heihu Township of Mao County, the Taoping towers built during the Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty.

The characteristics of the plank road in the Qiang area are steep, and the remains of the plank road in the area of Mao County are said to be the relics of the ancestor of the Shu people, the silkworm Cong clan. The zipline is called "narrow" in ancient times, it is a bamboo rope used to cross the river, and the central area of the Qiang nationality Maoxian County has the setting of "Rope State" in ancient times, and its name is the rope bridge of the ancient Qiang. Among the existing historical relics, the most famous is the Maoxian stone drum "Mandarin Duck Slip", which is more than 100 meters long and stands on the surging Fujiang River.

The Qiang area is rich in historical and cultural resources, there are cultural relics of the Neolithic Age, and there are relics of silkworms and Dayu. "Yu Xing in Xiqiang", Wenchuan Erping and Mao County Shigu Township (formerly known as Shiniu Township) and Beichuan Shiniu, there are commemorative places of the birth of Yu. The name of the county seat of Maoxian County is "Fengyi Town", which is also derived from the ancient saying of "Phoenix to Yi" that praises Dayu.

In Weicheng Township, Mao County, there is the last word of Jiang Weiwei, the general of the Shu Han Dynasty, who built the "Weicheng". Diexi was originally an important town of ancient silkworms, and it has become a beautiful lake today.

The folk customs of the Qiang nationality are also very distinctive, and the custom of worship of white stone is retained so far, and every Qiang village house is dedicated to white stone. The Qiang flute has been passed down from ancient times, and all kinds of songs and dances are cheerful and amorous, and the Qiang costumes have a unique charm. Its famous national festivals include the Qiang calendar year, the mountain festival, the bull king meeting, and the entertainment activities include dancing the sharon dance, climbing the pole, shooting the beast bun, and putting the rope set.

Others, such as picking flowers and embroidery, Yunyun baby, drinking wine, etc., can make people enjoy the unique customs of Qiang culture. The Qiang area is rich in Sichuan pepper, and "Mao pepper" is still an important condiment for cooking Sichuan cuisine.