What are the special metabolites of bacteria, and what are the bacterial anabolites of medical signi

Primary and secondary metabolites.

There are many types of bacteria, and the metabolites are diverse and complex.

In general: enzymes, amino acids, organic acids, proteins, fats, polysaccharides, pigments, toxins, etc.

Bacterial anabolic products include pyrogens, toxins and invasive enzymes, pigments, antibiotics, bacteriocins, and vitamins. (1) Pyrogen: most of them are lipopolysaccharides synthesized by gram-negative bacteria.

Injection into the human body or animal can cause a febrile reaction, so it is called pyrogen. Note: The pyrogen is resistant to high temperature, and it will not be destroyed for 121 20min, and the pyrogen is better removed by distillation.

2) Toxins and invasive enzymes: Bacteria produce toxins, including endotoxins and exotoxins. Endotoxin is lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative bacteria.

Exotoxins are proteins produced by gram-positive bacteria, which are highly toxic and highly medical. Educate. Net collection.

There are water-soluble pigments (pigments of Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fat-soluble pigments (pigments of Staphylococcus aureus). Different bacteria produce different pigments, which has a certain significance in identifying bacteria. (4) Antibiotics:

It is a trace amount of biologically active medicine produced by the metabolism of some microorganisms and can inhibit or kill other microorganisms and cancer cells. Educate. Net collection.

5) Bactericin: Some bacterial strains produce a class of proteins with antibacterial effect, bacteriocin has a narrow range of action, and only bacteria that are closely related to the bacteria that produce this bacteriocin can work, such as colicin, pseudomonocyanin aeruginosa, proteus and vibricin.

Primary metabolites refer to substances that are necessary for the growth and reproduction of microorganisms through metabolic activities, such as aminoacids, nucleotides, polysaccharides, lipids, vitamins, etc. In different types of microbial cells, the types of primary metabolites are basically the same. In addition, the synthesis of primary metabolites is constantly going on, and the synthesis of any kind of product will affect the normal life activities of microorganisms and even lead to death.

In contrast, the metabolism specific to the main substance within a certain range is considered a secondary metabolism. Among the products of secondary metabolism, there are not many that occupy an important position in the maintenance of life, but on the other hand, the physiological significance of alkaloids, terpenoids, phenols, antibacterial substances, pigments, etc., accumulated in large quantities by various plants, animals and microorganisms, is not completely clear. Many secondary metabolites are produced at specific stages of embryonic development as well as in specific tissues, so the economic benefits of the products and the regulation of the expression of biological traits are considered important in the study.

1.Metabolites involved in pathogenicity.

Pyrogen, or pyrogen, is a substance synthesized by bacteria, which can cause a fever reaction when injected into humans or animals in very small amounts, hence the name pyrogen. Pyrogens are resistant to high heat and are autoclaved (121, 20

min) is not destroyed. In the process of preparing and using biological products, injections, antibiotics, etc., strict aseptic operation should be carried out to prevent bacterial contamination and ensure the presence of no pyrogens.

Toxins are substances that are synthesized by pathogenic bacteria in the process of metabolism and have toxic effects on the body, including endotoxins and exotoxins. Endotoxin, the lipopolysaccharide of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria, is lipid A, which is released after the death and disintegration of the bacterium. Exotoxin is a protein released into the body by gram-positive bacteria and a few gram-negative bacteria during the growth and metabolism process, which has the characteristics of strong antigenicity, strong toxicity and strong specificity.

Aggressive enzymes. Some bacteria can produce invasive extracellular enzymes, which can damage body tissues and promote the invasion and spread of bacteria, which is an important pathogenic substance of bacteria.

2.Metabolites related to **.

Antibiotics are a class of substances produced during the metabolism of certain microorganisms that can inhibit or kill other microorganisms or tumor cells.

Vitamins, such as Escherichia coli in the human intestine, can synthesize B vitamins and vitamin K, which can be absorbed and utilized by the human body.

3.Metabolites involved in the identification of bacteria.

PigmentsSome bacteria produce pigments of different colors, which can help identify bacteria.

Bacteriocins: Some bacteria produce proteins that have an antimicrobial effect only against closely related strains. The antibacterial range is very narrow and type-specific, which has no significance, and is mostly used for bacterial typing and epidemiological investigation.

Breakdown products of sugars.

Bacteria break down sugars to produce organic acids, alcohols, gases, etc. Different bacteria contain different enzymes and metabolites, and various sugar fermentation tests are used to detect the decomposition products of bacteria on sugar, which can be used to identify bacteria.

Breakdown products of proteins.

Different bacteria have different abilities to break down proteins and amino acids, and various biochemical reactions can be used to identify the types of bacteria.

Bacterial anabolics include pyrogens, toxins and invasive enzymes, pigments, antibiotics, bacteriocins, and vitamins. Pyrogens: Most of them are lipopolysaccharides synthesized by gram-negative cave comics.

Injection into the human body or animal can cause a febrile reaction, so it is called pyrogen. Toxins and invasive enzymes: Bacteria produce toxins, both endotoxins and exotoxins.

Endotoxin is lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative bacteria. Exotoxins are proteins produced by gram-positive bacteria and are highly toxic.

Introduction to bacteriaBacteria refer to one of the main groups of organisms and belong to the bacterial domain. It is also the most abundant group of all organisms, with an estimated total of about 5,10,30 individuals. The shapes of bacteria are quite varied, mainly globular, rod-shaped, and spiral-shaped.

Bacteria also have a great influence on human activities. On the one hand, bacteria are the pathogens of many diseases, which can be transmitted between normal human bodies through various ways, such as contact, digestive tract, respiratory tract, insect bites, etc., which are highly contagious and extremely harmful to the society. On the other hand, bacteria are also often used by humans, such as the production of cheese, yogurt and wine, the manufacture of some antibiotics, and the treatment of wastewater.

In the field of biotechnology, bacteria are also widely used.

There are many different types of bacterial anabolics, and the following are some of the more common:

1. Phosphoamide (ATP, ADP, AMP): the basic unit of energy metabolism of living organisms, which is the raw material for polymers such as nucleic acids and sugars.

2. Amino acids (glutamic acid, glutamine): It is the basic module of protein synthesis in living organisms, and it is also an important raw material for the synthesis of nucleic acids, urea and other substances.

4. Antibiotics (streptomycin, penicillin, etc.): It is a metabolite formed by bacteria, which has a broad-spectrum bactericidal effect and can be used for some diseases of people and animals.

5. Enzymes (proteases, amylases, etc.): they are important catalysts in cells, which can accelerate the progress of various chemical reactions in organisms.

In addition, there are a variety of anabolic products such as polysaccharides, fatty acids, cholesterol, biological pigments, growth factors, etc.

Here are some things to look out for when it comes to bacterial infections:

2. Maintain personal hygiene: Strengthen personal hygiene, develop good habits such as washing hands frequently and changing clothes frequently, which can effectively prevent or reduce the chance of infection.

3. Maintain adequate sleep: Maintaining adequate sleep and good living habits can improve the body's immunity and reduce the chance of bacterial infection.

4. Distinguish the type of infection: different types of bacterial infections should be used in different branches. In the early stage of infection, you should go to the hospital for diagnosis and ** in time to avoid delaying the time and causing the infection to worsen.

5. Be cautious in the use of antibiotics: Although antibiotics can be effective in bacterial infection, excessive abuse may lead to bacterial resistance. Therefore, it is important to be cautious when using antibiotics and to strictly follow your doctor's instructions.

In short, for the prevention and prevention of bacterial infection, comprehensive measures are needed, not only to maintain personal hygiene, but also to pay attention to food safety, and at the same time, to seek medical attention in time to avoid the aggravation and spread of diseases.

The anabolic products of bacteria include pyrogens, toxins and invasive enzymes, pigments, antibiotics, bacteriocins, and cryptovitamins.

(1) Pyrogen: most of them are lipopolysaccharides synthesized by gram-negative bacteria. Injection into the human body or animal can cause a febrile reaction, so it is called pyrogen.

2) Toxins and invasive enzymes: Bacteria produce toxins, including endotoxins and exotoxins. Endotoxin is lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative bacteria. Exotoxins are proteins produced by gram-positive bacteria and are highly toxic.

3. Pigments: water-soluble pigments (pigments of Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fat-soluble pigments (pigments of Staphylococcus aureus). Different bacteria produce different chromophyllins, which have certain significance in the identification of bacteria.

4. Antibiotics: are trace amounts of biological living hail substances produced by the metabolic process of some microorganisms and can inhibit or kill other microorganisms and cancer cells. Note:

Most antibiotics are produced by actinomycetes and fungi, and only a few bacteria can be produced, such as polymyxin and bacitracin.

The anabolic products of bacteria are: pyrogens, toxins and invasive enzymes, pigments, antibiotics, bacteriocins, vitamins.