The difference in composition between hemodialysis waste and fresh dialysate is:

You first need to understand how hemodialysis works. Replacement is performed using a semi-permeable membrane in the dialyzer. How to replace it, this is to mention the dialysate, the ratio of dialysis is strictly in accordance with the trace elements required by the human body to blend the liquid, potassium, calcium, and other elements.

In the semi-permeable membrane replacement, the dialysate is replaced with the blood, and the small molecule toxins in the plasma are replaced, and the beneficial elements in the body are also partially replaced, so the proportional elements of the dialysate are used at this time, and the beneficial elements are supplemented into the blood at the same time. After the replacement of dialysis, it is generally discharged, that is, there is no need for reuse of the wastewater, and the excess wastewater is discharged together with the excess wastewater that is removed from the body. As for detoxification, the key depends on the filter used, hemodialysis generally removes small molecule toxins, and hemofiltration and plasma perfusion remove medium and large molecule toxins.

Then there is the area of the dialysis membrane, generally yes, there are also, the area of the dialyzer membrane filtered by blood is relatively large. If you want to have adequate dialysis, blood flow rate cannot be ignored.

There is more ultra-filtered water, so the composition of the original dialysate is slightly diluted, and then the so-called toxins filtered out of the body are added, mainly some small molecules of creatinine, urea nitrogen and a small amount of medium and large molecules.

The urine that can't be excreted, the toxins, it's all in it.

Answer]: C Analysis: The physical principles of hemodialysis are diffusion, diffusion, ultrafiltration and convection.

The basic components of hemodialysate are:

1) Sodium: Sodium is the main cation in extracellular fluid and plays an important role in maintaining plasma osmolality and blood volume. In order to maintain sodium balance in dialysis patients, the sodium in the dialysate needs to be slightly lower than the normal serum sodium value, and the concentration is generally 130 140 mmol L.

2) Potassium: potassium is the main cation of intracellular fluid, and the potassium concentration of dialysate is generally 0 4mmol l, and dialysate with different potassium concentrations can be selected according to different needs. Potassium-free dialysate (0 1 mmol), the main disadvantage is used in patients with ARF anuria or hypercatabolism or high potassium in the first 1 to 2 hours of starting dialysis; Low-potassium dialysate (2 mmo l l), mostly used in patients with high potassium before each dialysis or high potassium in the induction phase; Conventional dialysate (3 4 mmol L) for maintenance dialysis with normal potassium before dialysis or for patients taking digitalis.

3) Calcium: Most patients with maintenance hemodialysis have low blood calcium levels, and the blood calcium reaches normal or mild positive balance during dialysis. The calcium content of the dialysate should be between.

4) Magnesium: CRF often has hypermagnesemia, and the magnesium concentration of dialysate is generally slightly lower than that of normal plasma magnesium.

5) Chlorine: The chloride ions in the dialysate are basically the same as those in the extracellular fluid, which is determined by the concentration of cations and sodium acetate, which is 96 110mmol l.

6) Alkali agent: CRF patients have different degrees of metabolic acidosis and increased anion gap, and the bicarbonate (HCO3-) that plays a role in buffering the rent is reduced, which needs to be supplemented from the dialysate, and acetate and bicarbonate can produce HCO3-, which can be used to supplement the deficiency of HCO3- in the body. The common concentration of acetate is 35 40mmol L, and the concentration of bicarbonate is generally 32 38mmol L;

7) Glucose: Dialysate with different sugar concentrations is selected according to needs, which can be divided into three types: sugar-free dialysate, high-sugar dialysate (10 20g L) and low-sugar dialysate (1 2g L).

Answer]: e hemodialysis indications Acute renal failure. Chronic renal failure.

Acute drug or poison poisoning, which is suitable for small molecule drug poisoning or poison poisoning that is soluble in water and binds less to protein and plasma components. Others: such as preoperative preparation for patients with hypercalcemia, hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hypermagnesemia, obstructive jaundice.

Hemophilia is an indication for peritoneal dialysis.

The composition of the dialysate can be determined, but the composition of the dialysis waste varies depending on the patient's condition.

The more explicit information is:

In the dialysate, there are no metabolites, creatinine, urea nitrogen ......and dialysis waste.

In the dialysate, low potassium ......However, the concentration of potassium ions in dialysis waste increases due to the removal of potassium from the patient, but the magnitude is uncertain.

In the dialysate, there will be high bicarbonate, while in the dialysis waste will be less.

You're talking about dialysis.

Blood and dialysate exchange substances in the dialyzer (artificial kidney) through semi-permeable membrane contact and concentration gradient, so that the metabolic waste and excess electrolytes in the blood move to the dialysate, and the calcium ions and bases in the dialysate move to the blood.

During hemodialysis, the blood is excreted into the dialysate: metabolic waste products and excess electrolytes in the blood.

Hemodialysis, referred to as hemodialysis, is also known as artificial kidney and dialysis, which is a kind of blood purification technology. It uses the principle of semi-permeable membrane to remove various harmful and excess metabolic wastes and excessive electrolytes from the body through diffusion and convection, so as to achieve the purpose of purifying the blood, and absorb to correct the water, electrolyte and acid-base balance.

There are small molecule toxins such as urea nitrogen, creatinine, and excess water.

Most of it is water, and the rest is some of the excess toxins in the human body.

1.Concentrated A liquid, sodium potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, glucose (optional, optional) 2Function: Regulate the composition of body fluids, balance the sodium value, relieve uremia, and maintain the concentration of body fluid ions.

3.Concentrate B liquid sodium bicarbonate.

4. Function: buffer, maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids.

5.If it is not packaged, it will produce precipitation by chemical reaction, mainly calcium carbonate precipitation, that is, there are crystals in the mouth of the AB lotion that you can see with the naked eye on the machine, and if you take a few drops of citric acid, there will be bubbles.

6.Why not? Because the inside of the machine is heated and flowing, but after the hemodialysis machine inhales the AB solution for a long time, there will be salt crystals and precipitation, so this is the reason why all hemodialysis machines have a decalcification program.

Answer]: In the first step, this question examines hemodialysis.

In the second step, blood sock dialysis is to drain blood from the arteries to the outside of the body, and remove metabolites from the body through electrolytes of similar concentrations to the blood, while removing excess water and waste products from the blood, and then returning the clean blood from the veins to the body. The waste products removed include some abnormally elevated proteins, poisons and drugs, among which there are some oxygen-containing hormone wastes called oxygenated wastes. After hemodialysis, the most important change that occurs is the reduction of oxygenated waste.