Historically, when did cotton spread to Chinese mainland 5

The period of great development of cotton in China was at the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty. According to historical records, due to the social and economic prosperity and the needs of people's lives at that time, in the middle of the 13th century, the cotton of the South Road spread from Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi to the provinces (regions) of the Yangtze River Basin; West Road cotton from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (hereinafter referred to as Xinjiang) through Gansu and Shaanxi to the Yellow River Basin provinces (regions). The area under cotton cultivation has expanded substantially.

In 1289 AD, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty set up the "Kapok Lifting Division" in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi and other provinces (regions). This is a special collection of cotton cloth institutions, to collect about 100,000 cotton cloth every year, which shows the rapid development of cotton in China's interior and the scale of the rise of the textile industry at that time.

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Article **4 In the Song Dynasty, the appearance of a great woman, Huang Daopo, promoted the popularization of cotton spinning technology. She learned the cotton spinning technology of the Li people, and combined it with the textile technology of the Central Plains, and then continued to improve the cotton textile technology, upgrade and develop new spinning wheels. As a result, China's cotton textile technology began to advance by leaps and bounds, and greatly promoted the promotion of cotton planting.

Emperor Kangxi even said that the cotton is profitable, and the merit is not under the grain.

Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Changjiaozhou area has formed a "traditional industrial area" for the cotton industry. Especially in the economic history of the Qing Dynasty, the status of the cotton textile industry was second only to agriculture.

Therefore, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Jiangnan region where "the fragrance of rice flowers said that there was a good year" appeared in the scene of "the rice field in the Yi cannot be eleven" and "the people alone entrust their lives to kapok".

Article**5 Scenes of Ancient Life.

With the promotion of cotton planting, China's cotton planting and cotton textile technology has developed rapidly. Until the British Industrial Revolution, China's cotton spinning technology level has reached the world's high level. However, since then, due to the failure to make significant technological progress in terms of mechanization and power, China's textile industry has gradually lagged behind the West.

In 1831, China's cotton textiles changed from "super" to "super", and the manual was finally defeated by the machine.

But in any case, for a long time in history, China's cotton has created a "beautiful era" because of its high yield, good quality, light and soft cotton fabrics, and bright colors. It not only provides exquisite fabrics for our country, but also crosses the ocean and sells them to Southeast Asia and even Europe and the United States.

The second volume of Chinese history, p145, says: What we now call cotton refers specifically to grass cotton, but the cotton referred to in ancient books includes both grass cotton and kapok. There are two kinds of cotton introduced to China in ancient times, one is grass cotton native to Africa, and the other is kapok native to India.

African grass cotton was introduced to China through Central Asia, and the time was after Zhang Qian of the Western Han Dynasty passed through the Western Regions. At that time, it was called "white stacking". African grass cotton has low yield and poor fiber quality, but it has a short growth period and early maturity, which is suitable for the climatic characteristics of Xinjiang, so it has been promoted in Xinjiang very early.

However, in general, it is not widely cultivated and has been limited to Xinjiang for a long time. It was not until the end of the Southern Song Dynasty that African grass cotton had the opportunity to spread rapidly in the Guanxi and Weishui areas. Indian kapok was introduced to China through Southeast Asia, and the time was later.

At that time, people called it a flower or "jibe". Indian kapok plants are tall and tall.

Six or seven feet, there are small mulberry trees like the south of the Yangtze River, with many peaches and high yields. In the area of central Fujian, "thousands of kapok plants are harvested, and eight people are not worried about poverty". At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Indian kapok was rapidly promoted to the Yangtze River basin and became an important cash crop in agriculture.

The textbook talks about the cultivation of cotton, focusing on the cultivation of Indian kapok. During the Song and Song dynasties, the people of southern China had initially mastered a set of cotton planting technology. Cotton seeds are sown in February and March of the lunar calendar every year, and after the cotton seedlings are unearthed, the grass is hoeed 3 times a month.

One plant has 120 cotton bolls, which is considered to be of the highest grade. The fibers of cotton are generally about 1 inch long.

Before cotton was introduced to China, people wore cloth clothes. In the past, there was only kapok for filling pillows, and there was no cotton for weaving. Cloth clothes refer to clothes made of hemp fabric.

In ancient China, the so-called "mulberry hemp" is actually the raw material of clothing, mulberry is used for raising silkworms, and hemp is plant fiber.

It is used to weave cloth. So in ancient China, the rich wore silk and the poor wore linen.

Of course, the common people of the frontier and northern nomads can wear leather clothes.

The origin of cotton is India and Arabia.

Before cotton was introduced to China, there was only kapok for pillows, and there was no cotton for weaving. Before the Song Dynasty, China only had the word "cotton" next to the silk, and there was no word "cotton" next to the wood. The word "cotton" is derived from the Book of Song.

It just started to appear. It can be seen that the introduction of cotton was at the latest in the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, but it was mostly planted in the frontier. Cotton was introduced to the mainland in large quantities at the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty.

The record of the introduction of cotton into China is as follows: "Between the Song and Yuan dynasties, it was spread that it was planted in China, and Guan, Shaanxi, Fujian, and Guangxi were the first to obtain its benefits. From this, it can be understood that the introduction of cotton has two routes: sea and land.

Quanzhou's cotton was introduced by sea and soon spread in the south, while the promotion of cotton in the whole country was as late as the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, and it was Zhu Yuanzhang.

It was pushed away by force.

Cotton was introduced to China during the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

Although cotton was introduced to China during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it was not widely cultivated, and was mostly cultivated in the border areas at that time. It was only in the late Song and early Yuan dynasties that cotton began to be introduced to the interior in large quantities. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang used a forced method to let farmers plant cotton, and cotton was widely planted.

In China, cotton has become a widely cultivated crop, and the varieties are diverse, the quality is high, mainly distributed in the Jianghuai Plain, the Jianghan Plain, the southern Xinjiang cotton-free area and the North China Plain. Among the countries that grow cotton in the world, China has become the country with the largest cotton yield.

China's three major cotton producing areas

1. Xinjiang cotton area

It mainly includes Xinjiang and Gansu, of which the cotton production in Xinjiang in 2020 accounts for about China's cotton output. Xinjiang cotton has unique climatic conditions, the region has abundant sunshine, abundant heat, large temperature difference between day and night, little precipitation, dry air, and light insect infestation.

From April to September every year is the main growing season of cotton, the local sunshine hours can reach 1460-1980 hours, and the sunshine percentage is 60-80, which is 10-20 higher than that of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River Basin.

2. Cotton area of the Yellow River Basin

Mainly including Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Tianjin and other provinces and cities, the Yellow River Basin cotton area has very sufficient sunshine, good thermal conditions, moderate soil fertility, moderate annual precipitation, and good fiber quality in normal years.

3. Cotton area in the Yangtze River Basin

It mainly includes Jiangsu, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan and other provinces, compared with Xinjiang and the cotton area of the Yellow River Basin, the region has very sufficient sunlight, abundant heat and synchronous water and heat, which can meet the water and heat needs of cotton production. However, due to the rainy season and the occasional disturbance of rain, the number of sunshine hours is small, which will also lead to poor cotton spuffing.

1. Cotton was about the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, but most of it was planted in the frontier at this time, and a large number of it was introduced to the interior in the late Song and early Yuan dynasties.

2. Before cotton was introduced into China, China only had kapok that could be used to fill pillows, and there was no cotton that could be weaved, and there were two transmission routes for cotton at that time, one was called "North Road", which was spread from Xinjiang to Shaanxi until the north and south of the Yellow River; The other is called the "South Road", which roughly spreads from the Lancang River basin and the Pearl River basin to the Yangtze River basin.

1、The origin of cotton

The introduction and popularization of cotton

Although cotton originated in India, it flowed into China during the Han and Wei dynasties, and has become one of the main vegetation in China after thousands of years of reproduction and planting in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, and China has become the world's largest cotton supplier.

Cotton originated in the Indus Valley and was introduced to China during the Han and Wei dynasties.

The first country in the world to grow cotton was India, which first appeared in the Indus Valley civilization in the 5th-4th millennium BC. Around the 9th century, the Moors introduced cotton cultivation to Spain. In the 15th century, cotton was introduced to England and then to the British colonies in North America.

At least before 2000, cotton was planted in Guangxi, Yunnan, Xinjiang and other regions. However, it is not widely cultivated in the Central Plains. The earliest record of cotton and cotton cloth in China was seen in the Han and Wei dynasties, when the cotton was called "weaving shells", and during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, it was also called "kapok" or "Jibei".

During the Han and Wei dynasties, the cultivation of cotton was still only popular in the border minority areas of our country, one was the Gaochang area of Xinjiang in the northwest, the "Southern History" had recorded the situation of Gaochang cotton cloth, and the other was the area of Ailao Mountain in Yunnan, and the Central Plains people in the Eastern Han Dynasty called the cloth woven from cotton in this place "white folded flower cloth".

The environment in which cotton grows

Cotton needs water and nutrients to grow and develop, mainly from the soil through the root system, and the required temperature and air are partly taken from the soil, and at the same time need the mechanical support of the soil to grow.

The physicochemical and biological properties of cotton soil greatly restrict the yield and quality of cotton. Soil moisture, nutrients, temperature, air, salinity, texture, etc. have a great impact on cotton growth.

The origin of cotton is Indo-Arab. A large number of Ming flowers were introduced to the mainland in the late Song Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. Cotton from the Quanzhou area was imported by sea. As for the promotion of cotton across the country, it was pushed forward by Zhu Yuanzhang in the pearl with coercive methods.

Native to India, it was introduced to China around the Western Han Dynasty and was used as an ornamental plant at that time.

Cotton is produced in India and has been introduced to China during the Qin and Han dynasties.