1820 The situation of the German Confederation in 1848

The Federal Reichstag did not hold the supreme power of the German Empire, in fact the Kaiser held the supreme power of the Reich.

Reason: According to the provisions of the Constitution of the German Empire, the Bundestag is the highest body of the Reich, and is actually the upper house with power, but it does not have the power to pass any bill that is unfavorable to **. In contrast, the emperor had the power to appoint officials, create laws, command armies, determine the foreign policy of the empire, and dominate parliament. At the same time, the prime minister was accountable only to the emperor and had absolute power in the cabinet.

It can be seen from this that the emperor and chancellor of the German Empire really held the supreme power of the state.

At the end of the 19th century, Germany's industrial level had caught up with Britain and France, ranking first in Europe. Germany's upswing not only demanded further industrialization, but also wanted to become a leader in the industrial age. In order to enable German goods to compete with Britain in the international market, in 1907 German entrepreneurs, artists and technicians formed a national organization, the Deutsche Manufacturing League, with the aim of improving the quality of industrial products to international standards.

At the first annual meeting held in 1908, Jheoder Fischen made clear the recognition of machines in his opening speech, and pointed out that "the purpose of design is people and not things", and that industrial designers are public servants of society, rather than social masters that many plastic artists admit, all of which make the Manufacturing League establish its position in the history of design as the founder and initiator of modern design.

The Deutsche Werksmanum paid great attention to propaganda, held exhibitions and disseminated its ideas in kind, and published various publications and printed materials. In the first issue of the Manufacturing League's Yearbook, published in 1912, Berens introduced the AEG plant and electrical products designed by Behrens. In the 1913 yearbook, the focus was on the assembly line of the Ford Motor Company, hoping to introduce standardization and mass production into industrial design.

In 1916, the League, in collaboration with a cultural organization, published a catalogue of designs recommending the design of household items such as tea and coffee sets, glassware, and kitchen equipment, the common features of which were functional and practical, with little ornamentation, and** affordable for the general population. This atlas is the first in a series of books published by the Manufacturing Alliance to develop and promote design standards. These communications efforts not only had a great impact in Germany, promoting the development of industrial design, but also had a positive impact on the rest of Europe.

Some countries have successively established similar manufacturing alliances, which have played a very important role in the development of European industrial design.

During the First World War, the Manufacturing League held a series of influential exhibitions in neutral countries. Since then, the focus has gradually shifted from foreign to domestic, and the "internationalist" element of his thinking has given way to a "more realistic economic situation" attitude, emphasizing design as a means of improving the country's economic situation. The Deutsche Manufacturing Union was dissolved in 1934 and re-established in 1947.