How did the ancients keep warm in winter! What were the means for the ancients to keep warm in winte

In the Tang Dynasty, people made hand stoves out of copper. The hand stove is oval-shaped, with fire or ash that still has residual heat, and the stove is covered with a cover that can be placed inside the sleeve to warm your hands. The foot stove is larger than the hand stove and can be placed under the feet to warm your feet.

In addition, there is also a foot warmer, commonly known as the soup woman, which is filled with hot water and placed in the quilt at night; In the Qin Dynasty, skilled craftsmen built the walls of the palace into a hollow sandwich wall, commonly known as the "fire wall", which can be heated by entering the wall, such as the fire wall structure of the Xianyang Palace site in the Qin Dynasty is very famous; The earliest "winter clothes" used by humans to keep warm should be animal skins. People use animal skins to make simple clothes to cover their bodies and keep them warm, which also establishes the irreplaceable position of animal fur in the history of human warmth.

There are many ways for modern people to keep warm from the cold, indoor heating, air conditioning, outdoor cotton clothes, warm clothes, down jackets to keep warm, warm and lively in winter.

The foot is the farthest away from the heart, the blood ** is slow and less, the subcutaneous fat layer is thinner, the warmth is poor, once the cold is cold, it will reflexively cause the respiratory tract mucosal capillary constriction, so that the disease resistance is reduced, resulting in upper respiratory tract infection, therefore, the warmth of the feet should be especially strengthened.

Wear more clothes and bake the brazier.

In ancient times, people would also use all kinds of heating equipment and wear all kinds of warm clothes just like we do now. The poor wear cotton clothes and cotton pants, and the rich have all kinds of fur, which is the same as the rich people wear mink now. It is not surprising that various stoves have also been found in archaeology.

However, the popular heating artifacts now, especially the hand warmers commonly used by girls, were also used in ancient times. In the Qing Dynasty, it was used by literati and scholars"Hand stove".This artifact, the inside of the hand stove uses charcoal to make a fire, but the inner and outer double-layer design is used, which is similar to our double-layer cup now, the inner layer is on fire, and the outer layer is warm but not hot, and the design is very ingenious.

The ancient winter was also very cold, but the wisdom of our ancestors was infinite, and many of the facilities we still use today have even been inherited from ancient times, which is the fire kang.

In the rural areas of the north, basically every household will use the fire kang, and how the skill of the pan kang has an important impact on the heating degree of the kang"Wife and children hot kang head".It is also a vivid description of the stable life of the northerners. So, when did the ondol come about?

In the Neolithic Age, almost all the houses found in the archaeological excavations in the northern region had a circular fire pit, and the fire pit was surrounded by sintered hard surfaces, which shows that in the winter of the Neolithic Age, the ancients took measures to keep the house warm. Ethnology, the Oroqen houses are now also using a kang to bake the ground with fire to heat it and then cover it with animal skins.

During the Western Han Dynasty, archaeological discoveries found a kang with the same structure as the present. In 2013, a two-flue fire kang was found at the site of East Black Mountain in Xushui County, Hebei Province, which is also the earliest fire kang found in the world. The flue is connected to the stove, and the disc-shaped flue made of mud masonry forms a 3-meter-long and wide-sized ondol.

In the Tang Dynasty, the "New Tang Dynasty Book: The Biography of Goryeo" recorded:"(The people) make a long kang in the winter moon, and burn a warm fire under it"。Therefore, Koreans have always believed that Kang originated in Korea.

Koreans are also trying to apply for the Kang as a World Tangible Cultural Heritage. However, the above-mentioned fire kang from the Western Han Dynasty found in Xushui County proves that the kang undoubtedly originated in our China. In the Western Han Dynasty more than 2,000 years ago, we began to use ondols.

Winter has arrived, and with it comes the end of our year and the beginning of a new year. For thousands of years, our ancestors left us too many winter living habits, and the wisdom of the ancients can now be seen in all aspects of clothing, food, housing and transportation. With the passage of time, although many of us live in the city and no longer warm up like the ancients, these ancient lifestyles and the philosophy of harmony between man and nature have been influencing the present and continue to be inherited.

In ancient times, there were generally two ways to keep out the cold, one was to keep out the cold in the building, and the other was to keep out the cold in the clothing. In the building, the cold is generally warmed by the fire pit, fire wall, ondol, stove and ondol, and the warmth is carried out in the clothing, and the heating is generally carried out by wearing some very thick clothes. When they go out, they also warm themselves by rubbing their hands.

In winter, people will light a fire in the middle of the room, will also drink some soup that is easy to heat, will also use catkins to make thick clothes, or cotton and linen to make clothes, rich and noble people will also use fur, silver frost charcoal, fire dragon and other ways to keep warm.

Cotton clothes, stoves, etc. Because in ancient times, the ancients did not have air conditioning, so they could only use cotton clothes to keep warm in winter, and if conditions permitted, they could burn a stove in the room.

In ancient times, people would wear clothes made of animal fur to keep out the cold, and they would also make some small stoves that could be held in their hands to keep warm, and they would also drink mutton soup to ward off the cold.

The ancients did not have modern electric heaters, and the main heating tools were braziers and stoves, among which smokers, hand stoves, foot stoves, etc., should be the most commonly used heating appliances in winter by the ancient Chinese.

The smoker is actually a charcoal brazier with a cover and a companion, which is divided into two parts, the lower part is the basin, and the upper part is the cover, which is hollowed out and made into a floral pattern. The copper used in the palace is generally made of copper, and the workmanship is exquisite.

Folk mostly use clay and iron to make it. The hand stove is a small stove used to warm hands, delicate and exquisite, with various shapes, and the charcoal or the ashes of the stove that still have residual heat are placed inside, and the stove is covered outside. It can even be put in the sleeve to warm your hands, and it is also known as "hand warmer" and "fire cage".

The foot stove was larger than the hand stove and was a flat bottle made of tin or copper, filled with hot water (a bit like a hot water bag today), mainly used to burn the feet, which could be carried around in the grip or placed in the bed. This furnace is also called "foot woman" and "soup woman". Wall of Fire.

During the Qin and Han dynasties, a fire wall came out, and the inside of the wall was hollow, and firewood was placed inside, and the whole house was very warm after the wall was heated. Its derivative is the fire kang, which is found in many Northeast families. Compared with the first kang, the heating of the fire wall is more three-dimensional to the indoor space, and the structure of the wall is also more demanding.

Therefore, the unreasonable indoor space, or the insufficient insulation of the external maintenance structure, and the inappropriate selection of fire wall materials will have an impact on the comfort of the fire wall.

In ancient times, although there was no heating, their quilts and mattresses would be very thick, and the inside of the house would burn coals.

Although there was no heating in ancient times, the house could be heated by the "fire wall", which was a kind of wall with curved interiors, and in winter firewood could be placed in it, and then the wall could be burned to make the whole house warm.

"Fire Wall" was born in the Qin and Han dynasties, and there was a palace with a "fire wall" during the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, because the wall of this palace was also coated with mashed peppercorns as an insulation layer, so it was called "Jiaofang Palace". When the Forbidden City was built in the Ming Dynasty, craftsmen deliberately designed fire tunnels in all directions in order to ensure heating in the Forbidden City in winter.

Methods of heating

At that time, Sichuan pepper has been regarded as a kind of cold-proof and warm material, mashed and mud, made of wall insulation, the wall of the Jiaofang Hall is also hung with a splendid tapestry, the ground is covered with a thick Western Regions tribute blanket, set up a fire screen, and also make a curtain with wild goose feathers. Living in such a room, it is natural that you will not feel cold in winter.

There were fireplaces and fire walls in the imperial palace of the Qin Dynasty, and the fireplaces were mainly used to burn charcoal to keep out the cold, and the smoke holes were placed outdoors to avoid charcoal poisoning. In addition, in the ruins of Qin Xingle Palace, the practice of fire wall is also found, that is, two cylinder tiles are interlocked, and a pipe is made into a pipe to wrap around the inner side of the wall, which is connected to the stove, and has the rudimentary form of fire kang and heating.

Wall of Fire.

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, there was a "greenhouse hall", this palace had a fireplace, and there were pipes composed of cylinder tiles in the wall, called the "fire wall", the wall was coated with mashed peppercorns for thermal insulation, and then paved with Western carpets, decorated with heavy screens and curtains, when the heat was transmitted to the wall along the pipes, and the heat was circulated, the temperature of the whole palace would rise.

In the Ming Dynasty, in order to ensure the heating in the Forbidden City in winter, the craftsmen specially designed a fire tunnel in Sooak when building the Forbidden City, which was hidden under the ground and in the walls, leading to many rooms in all directions. These fires begin to be heated every October, but the amount of charcoal needed for heating is very huge, and these charcoal cannot be defective, but must be high-grade charcoal, and the cost of this winter can be imagined.

In ancient times, people used gray squirrel skin and fox skin to make large hats, cloaks, and hats, which were thick and warm.

The hand stove can be called the ancient "warm baby", which can be carried around, and has the elegant name of "sleeve stove" and "holding the stove". The hand stove is oval-shaped, with charcoal or ash still hot inside, and a cover on the outside of the stove, which can be placed in the sleeve to warm your hands. As the name suggests, the "foot stove" is used to warm the feet, and in addition, there is a foot warmer bottle, which is filled with hot water and placed in the quilt at night.

Huang Tingjian in the Song Dynasty wrote a poem that said, "Thousands of dollars buy foot mothers, and sleep night and night." "It's this kind of warmer that is funny. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, most of the firewood and charcoal were burned for heating in winter, and the wealthy people often used the exquisite brazier to burn high-quality charcoal, while the ordinary people often used the mud pot to fill the straw and straw in the brazier for heating.

Heating in winter

Winters tend to be colder and longer, and the "ondol" has become a good way to resist the cold. The kang has a stove and a cigarette mouth, which are used for fire heating and smoke exhaust respectively. If there is really no condition, the ancients made use of the warm sunlight as much as possible, and when building a house, they would choose the base belt calendar to choose the direction of "sitting north and facing south", so that the warm sunlight would shine into the house.

Or take refuge in some cellars that are warm in winter and cool in summer, and add a little extra straw to it.

The palace heating facilities are more exquisite, the skilled craftsmen build the walls of the palace into a hollow sandwich wall, there is a fire channel dug under the wall, there is a pores at the end of the fire channel to exhaust the smoke, the charcoal mouth of the fire is under the eaves of the house, after the charcoal fire is burned, the heat can be transmitted and sent to the whole house along the sandwich wall, this kind of sandwich wall is called "fire wall".

The ancients relied mainly on fire for heating. Fire pond, fire wall, fire kang, stove or ground kang, these are the most common heating methods of the ancients. These heating methods basically rely on the combustion of charcoal to obtain heat.

Therefore, charcoal burning has always been very particular in ancient China.

The Tang Dynasty royal had a record of "imported coal" for heating, and Wang Renyu had a record of "Rui Tan" in the "Kaiyuan Tianbao Ji Chunwu Legacy" during the Five Dynasties: "The Xiliang Kingdom entered a hundred pieces of charcoal, each with more than one foot long. Its charcoal is blue, hard as iron, and its name is Rirui charcoal.

Burned in the furnace, there is no flame but there is light. Each can be burned for ten days, and its heat is pressing, and it is not approachable. ”

In ancient times, the luxury of heating was astonishing. Yang Guozhong kneaded a double phoenix with charcoal chips and honey, and burned it in the furnace in the cold winter, and used precious white pants and wood to spread it at the bottom of the furnace, so that it would be spotless.

In ancient times, although there was no heating, it was possible to rely on the fire wall to heat the house.

In ancient times, although there was no heating, it was possible to rely on the fire wall to heat the house. A fire wall is a hollow wall that can be filled with firewood in the winter and then heated to warm the whole house. The Huoming lead wall was born in the Qin and Han dynasties, and there was a palace with a fire wall during the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty.

Because the walls of this palace are also coated with mashed peppercorns as a layer of huque insulation, it is called Jiaofang Hall.

When the Forbidden City was built in the Ming Dynasty, craftsmen deliberately designed fire tunnels in all directions in order to ensure the heating in the Forbidden City in winter. These fires are hidden in the ground and in the walls, and when the weather warms up, they can heat the palaces, and a huge amount of coal is consumed every winter, so only the royal family can enjoy this heating system, and most of the people use the fire kang as a derivative of the fire wall to heat the house.

Other methods of heating

The ancestors of the north built semi-crypt-style houses on the ground, which were half underground, and had the functions of windproof and warmth. The wise ancestors also dug a pit of suitable size in the middle of the house and used it to make a fire for cooking and heating. This pit is known as the fire pond, and it is still used for cooking in some ethnic minority areas.

The fire kang used to be a very common stirring heating equipment in the northern region of our country, and there is such a text in the "Song Wenjian": the ring house is an earthen bed, under the blazing fire, and the food and living on it, it is called the kang, and it is used for heating. This text is about the ancient northern Jurchen people's fire kang, which was once the most widely used winter heating artifact in northern China, especially in the northeast region.

Rich people:

In ancient times, there was a kind of greenhouse in the rich people's homes, when building a house, copper was used as the top beam, the middle of the copper pillar was empty, and in winter, the red charcoal was poured into the copper pillar, and the copper pillar was heated to heat up the indoor air. It won't be cold that way.

Ordinary people: Ordinary people have carbon certificates in their homes. It is a large copper or iron basin, and when it is cold, the family gathers around the brazier to keep warm.

Poor: In winter, the poor will use soil to build a large hollow tutun at home, similar to the current kangtou, but people at that time did not know how to adjust the temperature, and often burned people to death and scalded people.